Marketing Influence Essay

Thesis Statement. Marketing affects one’s everyday life in the sense that it influences people decision making as well as their consumption preferences. This paper illustrates how marketing affects one’s life but it also explains the fundamentals of marketing which product design, packaging, trademarks, branding, pricing, distribution, communications. Introduction Marketing can be viewed as the process where organizations collect their resources to match the ever changing needs of their consumers. Consumers are very important as they determine the mere existence, survival and growth of any organization. Marketing is also viewed as the manner in which organizations address the issues surrounding their markets. (Geoff L and Frank W, 12). The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the management process that identifies, anticipates and supplies the customers’ requirements efficiently and profitably. For effective marketing to take place clients or customers must be given priority.    Marketing is a vital or rather a very important aspect in ensuring the survival of any business. The major aims of any business are to ensure survival, profits and growth. Marketing comes in handy to ensure that businesses attain this objectives or goals. Marketing entails various activities like accessing customer wants through intensive market research, analyzing those needs and establishing a way forward in ensuring that those needs are satisfied. It also entails the designing of products, price determination, distribution, distribution strategies and effective communication to both potential as well as the current customers. (Geoff L and Frank W, 52). Many businesses have emerged today and competition is high for almost all businesses. There is higher supply than demand and businesses have to undertake intensive marketing if they are to survive. Marketing involves advertisement, effective research promotional sales and direct sales. The role of marketing should not be left entirely to the marketing department of an organization or company if is to be successful. Effective research entails the thorough establishment of what the target population expects from the organization and trying to find out if the organization is actually satisfying those needs. Here, the company identifies its stand or position in satisfying consumer’s needs. The questions that emerge include where the company is, how it got there, where it intends to reach and how it plans to get there. It is very important that effective research is carried out as it provides accurate information on consumer behavior, which is very important in the decision making process. (Geoff L and Frank W, 35). Accurate information would mean that quality decisions can be reached at and this is good for business. Another advantage of marketing research is that through it an organization can identify possible potential markets which it can exploit to increase its competitiveness in the market. Through research a firm can access the market trends and this is very vital in ensuring that effective and timely decisions are made. Marketing research reduces the costs that an organization could have incurred in its operations as it can exploit the accurate information provided to make effective decisions. Without the research organization risk making incompetent decisions based on trial and error basis and this can see them incur high costs of operation. Market research can be carried out through interviews either sent by mail or via telephone. It can also be through a face to face interviewing. Marketing must be effective in the sense that it has to produce tangible results. It must also be profitable, integrated and strategic. The marketing management process entails the analysis of a company’s current position, its objectives or goals and how it plans to achieve the objective set. Implementation must follow so as to attain the set objectives. (Geoff L and Frank W, 10).   It is critical that market planning is carried out as it ensures that the aspect of the future is incorporated in the marketing process. Planning works to ensure that there is effective coordination among an organization’s departments. It is easier to control or monitor the progress as development of performance standards are easy to establish. Planning ensures that the unforeseen events are provided for effectively and the chances of success are higher when there is effective market planning than where it is lacking.   An organization must also be very critical in ensuring that it responds affectively to criticisms so that it neutralizes would be negative effects of the media might have against it. An effective marketing mix creates a positive impact in the market. A marketing mix focuses on product, pricing, promotion and placement of the product in the market. (Ross D, 89) Strategies adopted must always be consumer oriented and the organization must be focused in ensuring that there is high accessibility in the market. Placement or location of a business affects the sales that it makes and it therefore becomes very critical to ensure that effective research is taken. When determining the location important aspects like the demographics of the area are very important. A strategic position is an easily accessible one where many people can be able to reach at or where customer exposure is maximized.    Product design Product design identifies the perfect or ideal shape that a customer would prefer the products appear like. Products or services produced must be customer oriented. Organizations must produce those products that are of much value to their target buyers. They must also exploit their competitors’ weaknesses or shortcomings by producing products with what they simply do not offer. Customer needs are affected by the various factors like culture and effective or intensive market works to establish this.   Communications   Ã‚  Communication is a very vital aspect in the marketing process of any business or organization. It involves the dissemination of information about products or services that an organization produces. Vertical communication which means up and down the hierarchical ladder in an organization must be enhanced so that important decision making is not tampered with.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Good relationships or cooperation with the other departments is critical. The human resources for instance affect the efficiency in marketing. This is because it is responsible for the provision of personnel that will be required to work in the organization. If it provides experienced and qualified staff the chances of the marketing process yielding positive effects are high. The finance department is important in allocating the finances needed to make marketing a success. The production is also critical in the sense that it has to ensure that there is no deficit between the demand created and supply. It is its responsibility to make sure that successful marketing is not challenged by insufficient supply in the market.   On establishing the existing potential customers an organization has to go the extra mile of identifying their current and future needs before selecting or establishing the most appropriate means of satisfying those needs. After this they communicate to the customers on the strategies that they have established. (Geoff L and Frank W, 78). In her interview, Cisco’s Luanne Tierney argues that communication must be effective if marketing is to be a success. Good communication must be in existence within an organization both internally as well as externally. (Roy Young). On conducting the market research effective communication must be ensured between the market researchers and organizations decision makers. Good communication must also exist between organizations their customers. The establishment of an IT department can help improve an organization outward or external communication. By exploiting the Internet, an organization can establish a website where all information on their products or services is easily accessible. E- Marketing can be very effective in increasing the organization’s sales. It can also ensure that there is quick response to customers’ queries and this has a positive effect in the marketing process. Online shopping has gained popularity and most organizations can use it to increase their sales. It has the economical advantage over other forms of marketing. Where an organization offers wide and exhaustive information on the products that it produces more customers are likely to be more attracted and this works to increase the sales. Establishing personalized services is also an important way of ensuring that an organization registers increased sales. Communication refers to the manner by which meaningful information is exchanged. Effective communication ensures that there is a two way flow of information to ensure that there is a quick response or feedback. Noise or distractions must be evaded as much as possible as they hinder effective transmission of important information. To reduce the disruptions marketers can hold meetings in conference facilities. They can also be keen when advertising so that they do not place their adverts next to their competitors as this can confuse their target population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Giving allowance for feedback is important in establishing how the audience decoded the information conveyed. This provision can be through the use of phone calls, e mails and internet chats all of which offers swift responses. Branding,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Product branding is also very important in the marketing process. It is appropriate for marketers to be very creative when branding their products. Before making the final decision regarding the brand that is to be used it is appropriate to carry out effective research so as to fulfill the customers’ needs. (Geoff L and Frank W, 100). Research can help an organization decide if it would be appropriate to invent new brands and it also helps in deciding the factors that ought to be addressed, enhanced or changed. Research can also establish if it would be economically viable to introduce two or more line of products or one would be enough. (Anholt S, 56).   Pricing   Ã‚  The price attached to any good or service reflects its value in the market. Pricing affects the product position in the market and is a critical issue due to the direct it has on demand. It also affects the other marketing mix for instance the product features, distribution channels as well as promotion.   When determining the price of a new product it is important that an organization carries out an effective market analysis, segmentation and targeting. Costs incurred both variable and fixed also ought to be incorporated when determining the price. It is also appropriate to estimate a demand curve and try establishing where the equilibrium price would be. Prices cited by their competitors must also be considered so at not to negatively affect the sales.   Price determination depends on the strategy that an organization opts to use or apply. An organization may decide to use premium pricing where by its prices are relatively higher compared to their competitors but their products must be of a better quality. For this strategy to succeed, effective research must have established that the target population needs quality products so badly that it would not shy away from purchasing quality goods at a higher price. (Geoff L and Frank W, 87). Penetration pricing can also be applied as a pricing strategy. Here, an organization lowers the prices of its new products or services on entry to the market but with an intention of increasing it overtime. The logic behind this approach is to first attract as many people as possible and after earning their loyalty it deems difficult for them to stop consuming this products. Good quality products are not likely to register reduced sales even if the initial prices were to be increased overtime. Some organizations can be compelled by the nature of the products they are dealing with to use the economy approach method of pricing. This approach ensures that the prices offered at the market are relatively low. The use of price skimming could also be applied where prices are high at the first entry into the markets but gradually these prices are reduced. This approach can best suffice among those goods that are affected by fashion or fads. Customers are willing to pay much money for them immediately they hit the market but as time goes on the willingness to pay declines.   Psychological pricing can also be applied with the aim of capturing customers who are responsive to emotions and not rationality. Price variations can also be applied as a price determination strategy. Prices offered can vary depending on the time of the day where for instance the prices in the morning or weekends can be lower than in the evening and during the weekdays. Offering discounts can be done selectively depending on time. (Geoff L and Frank W, 88).   Captive product pricing can also be applied especially where an organization in question deals with complementary goods. As the price of one product rises its complement price can be lowered to appear attractive. The reduced price will increase the demand for the product but consumers will be compelled to buy the other product regardless its price as they are used together. Geographical pricing can also be applied where proximity of distance influences or affects the price of goods and services. Transportation costs incurred can see to it that the prices of same products vary from one region to the other. Pricing can also be in response to the prevailing economic situation or market trends. Good pricing is also important in maintaining sustained growth as it makes customers come back. Promotion,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Promotion entails the use of various methods by an organization or firm to reach at its targeted audience providing it with the appropriate information geared at achieving its set objectives. The main aim or promotion is to educate or inform the target population of the products that it offers. Marketing promotions activities aim at enhancing an organizations position in the market in terms of the sales made. Organizations are also keen to promote loyalty to ensure sustained or long term positive relation ships with their customers. The making of promotional decision depends largely on the audience that an organization is targeting. The population could be specific or it could be mass oriented. Methods of promotion include advertising, sales promotion, public relations and personal selling.   Even the firms that are well known for a history of producing quality products, marketing is still an important aspect. Promotion acts as a pillar to the success of some high profile companies.   (Need Coffee). Companies like McDonald despite attracting many customers for their good quality products and its strategic position still finds it important to conduct promotions. It uses a ‘spokesman’, Robert, the cartoon like character who brings laughter to children who are the organizations target market. The use of cooperative marketing where organizations merge in their efforts to advertise their products can also place an organization at a strategic position in the market. (Need Coffee).   Advertising,   Advertising entails the use of mass media to convey important information regarding the products or services that an organization offers. Effective advertising offers two way communications where an organization is keen to respond and monitor the needs of their customers. Advertising can be through the use of t shirts, caps which act as walking bill boards this is mostly appropriate to the small businesses. The use of trade shows and trade fairs is appropriate as they ensure the accessibility of many customers or new contacts within a short period of time something that could not have been difficult to attain without them.   When advertising the marketers must be very keen to ensure that there is effective communication. Understanding the target population’s culture would be critical because culture affects the way people interpret symbols, words and sounds. It is also the role of marketers to identify their target population before they can decide the means of advertisement to use. Advertising can be carried out through the radio or television. Using celebrities in advertisement has a positive effect in as far as increased sales are concerned.   Sales,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Sales promotion involves the application of short term techniques as incentive for people to consume the products or services that an organization offers. This way the organization aims at increasing its sales and consequently its profit levels. Sales promotion could be the use of retail coupons that are valid for a specified period of time and customers must use them within the stipulated time span.    Marketing public relations   Ã‚  Public relations also known as publicity is a form of promotion that uses a third party to convey desired information regarding the products or services that an organization produces. Through the public relations an organization is able to communicate its positive features to the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Personal selling is another form of promotion where personal contacts are made to in promoting the sales of an organization products and services.   Packaging   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     According to Giles in What’s packaging design? the major reasons for packaging in marketing is to enhance appearance, protect product and facilitate distribution. (Calver G, 43). Packaging is also a vital aspect in ensuring the successful marketing of a product. Products that are packaged in attractive packaging will generally register increased sales. In determining the packaging to apply firms or organizations ought to ensure that the packaging protects the product in question. It ought to meet the environment standards set so that the organization or firm does not face conflicts with the authorities. Again it should be safe enough not to harm the customers. The cost aspects must be incorporated so that the organization does not incur losses. A good packaging must be convenient when distribution is being carried out. It should not be too bulky.   Marketing affects ones everyday life as it is very influential in determining a consumer’s decision making. On a daily basis one encounters or has to come across advertisements on the bill boards, televisions and the radio. The initial encounter precipitates the interest to acquire more information on the products or services in question and this leads to the search for more information on them which can be through the Internet. Attractive prices encourage impulse buying which is to the advantage of the businesses or firms. Effective marketing ensures that instant decisions are made that enhance the sales a firm makes. Works Cited: David Frederick Ross. Distribution: Planning and Control : Managing in the Era of Supply Chain. 2004. Springer Publishers. P 89 Geoff L and Frank W. The Official CIM course book: Marketing Environment, Marketing In Practice and Marketing Fundamentals. 2007. p 10-200 Giles Calver. What is Packaging Design? Essential design handbooks. Rotovision Publishers. 2003. p 43 Simon Anholt. Brand New Justice: How Branding Places and Products. Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers. 2005. P 56 Need Coffee. 2007. McDonald’s Strategic Marketing Mix. Retrieved on 20th June 2008 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/263943/mcdonalds_strategic_marketing_mix.html?page=3 Roy Young. 2008. Marketing Champions: Interview With Cisco’s Luanne Tierney. Retrieved on 20th June 2008 from http://www.marketingprofs.com/8/marketing-champion-luanne-tierney-cisco-interview-young.asp

Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty

Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty Is beauty only skin deep? What role, if any, does society play in the views of beauty? Does body modification enhance or detract from a person’s beauty? What role does the idea of beauty play in a person’s life? The idea of beauty is something that has changed over generations, and is something that is constantly evolving to this day. The idea of beauty is shaped by media interaction, societal views, and also engaged in by body modification whether that modification be piercing, tattooing, extreme dieting, plastic surgery, or otherwise. Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? People use various practices to shape their bodies into culturally defined ideal physiques, and media both construct and reinforce beauty ideals. † (Jackson & Lyons, 2012) Beauty is defined by the culture a person lives in, grew up in, and is shaped by throughout life. The idea of beauty is never the same for any person, but can have similar c haracteristics. The media, which is a conduit of the social norm, defines beauty everyday and many feel the need to change themselves in order to fit this idea. â€Å"Within contemporary Westernized cultures there is a pervasive interest in practices aimed at altering the human physique.Such practices, which include cosmetic surgery, bodybuilding, dietary modification, exercise regimes, and eating disorders, signify a cultural fascination with (a pursuit of) the ‘perfect’ body. † (Jackson & Lyons, 2012) Some people dedicate their entire lives for the quest to find their ideal of beauty, to become that ideal and to fall into what is deemed as beautiful by societal standards set in place. But is this correct? Is the ideal of beauty presented by the media, and interpreted by the viewer, correct? Are people motivated to modify their bodies because they are dissatisfied with the image of their body? Body image dissatisfaction is pervasive in America. We believe this d issatisfaction may motivate many persons to undergo cosmetic surgery,† indicates David Sarwer, assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry and surgery at the Center for Human Appearance. â€Å"Many persons hope that cosmetic surgery will help them feel better about their appearance, which, in turn, may promote other psychological benefits, such as improved self-esteem. † (USA, 1999) Many people turn to plastic surgery to modify their bodies because they want to be thought of as beautiful, whether it be by themselves, another person, or society as a whole.Some people can even take drastic measures and develop unhealthy mental conditions which would make them undergo plastic surgery in a desperate attempt to â€Å"fix† themselves. â€Å"Extreme body image dissatisfaction can be a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder, a psychiatric condition defined as a preoccupation with a slight defect in appearance that leads to excessive concern and interruption in daily fu nctioning. † (USA, 1999) But by going through such extremes, is a person really gaining beauty or are they really demolishing what was already beautiful in the first place?Is being dissatisfied with their body, because of the ideals of beauty pressured onto individuals by society, really a reason to change their image through such a drastic measure as plastic surgery? If body modification through plastic surgery is used to capture that â€Å"ideal beauty†, then what about other forms such as piercing, tattooing, carving, or otherwise? Are those deemed acceptable ways to encompass that idea of beauty presented by society? â€Å"Rumbling through the biker culture and punk, piercing gradually shed its outlaw image and was mass marketed to the impressionable by music videos, rock stars and models. (Leo, 1995) Such extreme forms of body modification are presented by the media and societal pressures to be acceptable, fashionable, and â€Å"in style†. As such, many peo ple leap at the idea to become beautiful through such extreme measures. â€Å"Fashions and fetishes. [†¦]Some ask for dramatic piercings to enhance sexual pleasure, to seem daring or fashionable, to express rage, or to forge a group identity. [†¦]Piercing is part of the broader â€Å"body modification† movement, which includes tattooing, corsetry, branding and scarring by knife. It's a sign of the times that the more bizarre expressions of this movement keep pushing into the mainstream. (Leo, 1995) But is that all there is to it? Media has deemed such body modification to be acceptable, and society has agreed that it is an idea of beauty. The arguments for, and against, the idea of beauty presented by the media, accepted and enforced by society, and the extremes at which people can go to gain that ideal beauty can be found everywhere. Is beauty only skin deep? Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? Media can incite people to what ideal beauty is. Societ y enforces these views and pressure people into fitting it.Body modification is used by many to gain that idea beauty. But in the end, is that ideal beauty of the skin and body correct or even worth it? References: JACKSON, J. , ; LYONS, T. C. (2012). The perfect body: Men and women negotiate spaces of resistance against beauty and gender ideologies. Women's Studies Journal, 26(1), 25-33. USA, T. (1999, February). Focusing on body image dissatisfaction. USA Today, 127(2645), Leo, J. (1995, 7 23). The ‘modern primatives'. U. S. News. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/usnews/opinion/articles/950731/archive_032505. htm

Define marketing in your own words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Define marketing in your own words - Essay Example For example, a bowling ball manufacturer creates a ball made with special materials which are far superior to the more traditional ball but it costs twice as much to produce. The manufacturer must complete market research to ensure that bowlers will not only like but also have the ability to buy it. In addition, the best method by which to advertise the product must be determined, a very complex issue. How much to budget, where to advertise so that the end user is most likely to encounter the ad and how to quickly entice that customer into having an interest are all difficult decisions to make (â€Å"Finally†, 2005). Marketing, in some form, seems to impact almost all of peoples’ purchasing decision. A good example involved a computer ad on television for a laptop that gave no specifications, cost or even showed the product clearly. However, the ad was very entertaining and played a couple of times during a show which caught the watcher’s attention and therefore the potential customers remembered it. During the next few days and weeks, on this the same show, this product was advertised in much the same way but with slightly differing but still mildly entertaining storylines, at least enough to keep the audiences’ attention for 30 seconds. Since the ad gave little information about the product but was entertaining, people were predictably inclined to research it and learn that it was both practical and afford as well. The customers quickly learned that their efforts were well worth the investment of time and money but what entices them enough to dig for more facts? Normally, people want all the information about their purchase included in the ad. They want to know what’s in that taco supreme or what price is the car and how many miles are on it right there in front of them. They don’t wish to have their time wasted. However,

Science and nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science and nature - Essay Example e of this discussion is to discuss the relationship between science and nature by evaluating whether or not they are opposed or complimentary of one another. From a scientific viewpoint, there is a way to connect everything natural related to the earth and to nature. One can find that biological life is full of mathematical constants, physical constants and so on. For example, due to the earth’s gravity; the speed of terminal velocity is always the same for any object. This can be translated to the example that a feather dropped from a 100 story building and a rock dropped from the very same3 building; will reach the exact same maximum speed eventually which is of course terminal velocity. Other constants such as the boiling temperature for water or the freezing point of water will always be the same regardless of where one is located on the planet given that the water is not tainted. These examples are just a few of thousands of examples which implicate the certainty of scientific law. When switching viewpoints momentarily from a formulaic scientific viewpoint and observing the earth’s natural beauty from a position of wonder and awe, one does not need to know the freezing point of water to watch and take notice of the beauty of a snow fall in winter. Similarly, one does not need to know the mathematical representation of terminal velocity to appreciate the silent sway of leaves falling from their branches in autumn. Comprehending the connection between all things in nature; even from a highly calculated and scientific awareness, one can still be amazed at the rich colors of the setting sun at dusk or the inky grays of an approaching storm. One may look at the sky at dusk and take a moment to appreciate the full spectrum of colors represented while knowing that what they are seeing is refracted light from the sun which is simply being fragmented and redirected at the point of the horizon as the earth rotates through its daily cycle. Certain things

The Aesthetic Principle and a Factor in Art Essay

The Aesthetic Principle and a Factor in Art - Essay Example According to Bullough, distance plays an essential part in generating an authentic aesthetic response. Bullough supposes that there has to be a quantity of distance gained between an object or work of art and a viewer. This will make the observer understand the object or work of art. On the other hand, Bell’s views are drawn from Kant. Both Kant and Bell agree that an object or work of art can neither be intrinsically moral nor cognitive. In addition, they both agree that the value of an object or work of art is found in its form alone. Bell’s notion of significant form is representative in its clarity. Bell perceives the aesthetic response on the basis of a global standard and the source of the aesthetic emotion in the work of art or object (Arnold and Iverson 73). It may be valuable to approach an art object or work with physical distance and focus on its significant form because of several reasons. First, when the appropriate distance is observed, splendor can be observed and realized in an object or work of art. This does not mean that an artist or observer should be impersonal with regard to art, but instead, the viewer should separate himself emotionally and physically enough, so as to attain an accurate aesthetic response to an object or work of art. It is also essential to focus on a significant form of an object or work of art (Arnold and Iverson 76). Moreover, focusing on its significant form will assist an individual to focus at a work of art without preconceptions and predispositions and without being preoccupied by extraneous connections with the work or object of art. Second, according to Bullough, if a viewer does not position himself at an appropriate distance away from the object or work of art, he will become excessively enclosed in his own life. For example, in Othello, the jealous spouse looking at the play cannot realize it because he is so much entangled by how the play is personally affecting his life.

Major case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Major case study - Research Paper Example Wildlife tourism can involve tours, experiences accessible in association with the accommodation of tourists, attractions at fixed sites, or it can come about as unguided meeting by independent travelers (Spenceley, 2012, pp. 85-88). Wildlife tourism has several stakeholders. The first stakeholders in this sector are the visitors. They have an expectation of accessing experiences that are of affordable high quality. These experiences include interesting activities of wildlife watching and guided excursions. Some tourists would like to have opportunities to familiarize themselves with the local culture and to have authentic interaction with local communities (Benson, 2001, p. 132). Another set of stakeholders is the tourism industry which includes private with public sector operators, the travel trade as well as industry associations. This ensures that there is development in the wildlife sector. They also ensure the individual operators get maximum short term profits. The third stakeholder is the host and the indigenous community. The indigenous community improves minimal negative social effect of this sector. While capitalizing on profits from the local area, they ensure that there is no disruption on the local wildlife (Lovelock, 2007, pp. 152-156). Another role they play is the protection of their environmental and livelihood assets, and minimization of disturbance to their communities and culture. It has the potential to add tourism-related benefits, to step up local services and employment opportunities, to improve the infrastructure with local business opportunities, and so stimulate revenue generation (Sosinski, 2011, p. 88). Wildlife managers in public plus private sectors are other stakeholders whose sole duty is the conservation, NGOs protection of wildlife habitats, biodiversity, generation of revenues and greater awareness via tourism to sustain conservation as

The Media and Some of Valarie Geller's Philosophies Research Paper

The Media and Some of Valarie Geller's Philosophies - Research Paper Example In 2009, she went back to Holland to showcase her book â€Å"Creating Powerful Radio - Getting, Keeping & Growing Audiences† and to give more information about how the book can be utilized to its maximum with some of the information that it provides such as how to get and maintain an audience as well as topics on management and how to make it in the radio industry. Valarie has since had a key interest in radio. She has always had the idea that radio should be revolutionized so as to make it interactive and not just a source to communicate information to its audiences. This is evidenced by the fact that she has written books that handle topics on effective communication. Another factor is that she coaches radio personnel to be dynamic in that, proper communication, interaction and involvement ought to attract a lot of audiences. Some of her contributions to news/talk format radio include the fact that she trains broadcasters to up their skills in relation to media content, crea tivity, caring about the listeners and generally connecting with the audience. Geller has influenced the medium of radio in terms of understanding what the audience wants and being able to give it to them; she also has managed to capture the minds of audiences by talking on interesting events and news. Geller has had major philosophies that she has since implemented and they have reaped benefits. These include; making the most out a listeners time. This is by ensuring that each second a broadcaster is speaking to the audience; they make an impact at that moment. Telling the truth is another philosophy that Geller insists on.

Market Analysis of Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market Analysis of Starbucks - Research Paper Example Its expansion has been based on foreign direct investment and also acquisitions of rival coffee houses. Starbucks’ success from the late 1990s onward has been to its dedication in providing consumers with a gourmet coffee experience, a means of differentiating the company and also establishing pricing that was higher than industry norms per cup of its products. This high pricing model is supported by advertising and the comparable, tangible quality of its products that continue to satisfy consumers that are willing to pay this extra price for the Starbucks experience. Description of International and Domestic Markets Starbucks does not target specific market groups, rather it has adopted a mass market advertising strategy positioned always on quality compared to competing coffee houses. However, the domestic market consists generally of high income consumers, professionals, and those with above-average household and discretionary income. There are also psychographic elements o f Starbucks’ positioning strategies, appealing to those who find ostentatious consumption to be important as it relates to their social reputation. â€Å"Beyond signaling of quality, there is some status symbol effect to what coffee you are drinking† (Aronin, Fetterman, Liu & Peng, 2004, p. 3). ... These two markets make up approximately 10-15% of the American population and are usually associated with white collar career-minded individuals. The international market is scattered and does not fit any specific personality, lifestyle, or income profile. Starbucks operates in collectivist cultures where tradition and family are valued and also individualist countries that promote social self-expression, finding favor in both in terms of profitability and consumer following. In China, marketers for Starbucks stand outside of Starbucks facilities, using a handheld clicker each time they achieve new traffic (Boone & Kurtz). Market research identifies that it is the younger, more fashionable cultures that frequent the organization. In Austria and Canada, it is generally the teens, tourists and young adults that favor Starbucks coffee (Boone & Kurtz). SWOT Analysis of Starbucks To understand the market potential of the company it is necessary to understand where Starbucks excels and whe re the business is lacking in key areas. Strengths Considerable cash capital that provides opportunities for expansion and a high credit worthiness for lending purposes or foreign investment. Backed by years of quality positioning and quality-focused advertising that has established a well-recognized brand and considerable consumer following. High pricing model that contributes to higher capital growth. In-store innovations such as its Coffee Master program that teaches customers about the subtleties of coffee, referred to as the â€Å"cupping ceremony,† similar to wine-tasting seminars (Helm, 2007). Partnerships with foreign coffee producers that express its commitment to corporate social responsibility that gains market attention and loyalty and also

Learners' perceptions about listening comprehension problems, Dissertation

Learners' perceptions about listening comprehension problems, strategies and teachers' solutions to improve students' list - Dissertation Example Additionally, the study establishes that learners encounter a range of listening problems, which can be overcome through various techniques that help learners to utilize effective strategies in confronting them; nevertheless, this literature observes that learners’ perceptions of their listening problems may or may not be valid because several factors may interact to influence their perceptions. This literature makes a clear distinction between listening and comprehension processes with the former requiring no interpretation or reaction to the text while the latter requires the meaningful interactive activity to facilitate understanding of the text. In the context of this research, listening comprehension refers to the manner in which listeners discriminate and construe meaning from information that they receive through their auditory and visual clues to make sense of the communication process. This perspective of listening comprehension is in line with the Second language app roach, according to which listening to verbal language is both a vigorous and intricate process, requiring learners to pay particular attention to selected areas of audio, to make meaning, as well as relate what they hear to their mind frames. Hamouda (2012) argues that, despite its profound significance in foreign language learning, listening has long been ignored in foreign language acquisition, research, teaching, and assessment especially given the little focus on listening problems encountered by L2/F1 learners in listening to spoken English. This literature reports findings from a study that investigates the listening problems experienced by a group of first year English Major Students of Qassim University, which include accent, pronunciation, speed of speech, insufficient vocabulary, different accents of the speakers, poor concentration, anxiety, and bad quality of recording. Knowing the various difficulties learners encounter in listening comprehension is paramount in EFL te aching because it enables EFL teachers to guide learners in developing effective learning strategies that will eventually enhance their English listening competence. Listening plays a very significant role in communication because it enables listeners to take in new ideas and information from discourses; listening takes a lion’s share of the total time spent on communication and it is central to students’ educational development because it is the most frequently used language skill in the classroom. EFL learners have major problems in English listening comprehension because educators overemphasize English grammar, reading, and vocabulary competence areas at the expense of listening skills in EFL teaching courses. This literature suggests that adapting and improving listening materials, and improving teachers' classroom techniques on the part of the teachers, in addition to, improving English proficiency, and improving listening strategies on the side of the students ca n help alleviate the various listening comprehension problems. Graham (2006) explores the perceptions of English students between the age of 16 to18 concerning listening comprehension in French; in addition to that, this literature also examines the students’ viewpoints on the influences that result to either success or failure in listening comprehension assignments. According to this study, a substantial proportion of students in the higher levels of education rate their competence in

Change Management Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Change Management Plan - Research Paper Example However, this leadership position was short-lived since towards the end of the 20th century, a company called Google emerged and gave Yahoo tough competition for its share in the Silicon Valley, especially after the bursting of the dot-com bubble in 2000 (The Guardian, 2008). Google soon gained an upper hand over Yahoo through its effective policies and talented personnel and Yahoo has not been able to gain its initial top ranking to date. The HR policy that this report proposes to change is that of ‘stack ranking’ or ‘Quarterly Performance Review’. The employee appraisal process was introduced by CEO Marissa Mayer in late 2013, and required that managers rate their employees on the basis of meeting their goals from a scale of 1 to 5. This system is an adaptation of GE’s forced ranking system (Pfeffer and Sutton, 2006) and here too some employees are forced to fall into the lowest category, even if they did not miss any goals. Since the lowest 5% percent employees have to suffer adverse consequences, including firing, this system seems unfair to many and raises questions about Mayer’s policies. According to Forbes (2013), more than 600 employees were fired because they had gotten low scores in two quarters of appraisals, which does not necessarily mean that they were poor performers, only that there were others (possibly) better than them. The forced ranking system was adopted because of its claimed benefits of eliminating inflated ratings and proving as a check and balance system (Grote, 2005), but for Yahoo it appears to be more troublesome than beneficial. Owing to the adverse effects that Mayer’s QPR is having on employee morale and motivation, it is proposed that the forced ranking system should be discontinued and the performance appraisal process should be modified in order to make it employee friendly. The ranking scale of meeting goals (from ‘misses’ to ‘exceeds’) should

Masters Prepared Interview Essay Example for Free

Masters Prepared Interview Essay The Master of Science in Nursing with an emphasis in nursing education can be understood in further detail by an interview process outlining a person’s career overview, graduate educational experience and their present vocational position. The individual chosen (D.C.) is a mentor, who is handing down the baton to me, as the clinical instructor for a group of nursing students at Biola University. D.C. has numerous years experience as a bedside nurse as well as an educator. Overview of Career D.C. always knew she wanted to be a nurse and began nursing school at the young age of 17. In 1977, she received her Advanced Degree in Nursing (ADN) from Umpqua Community College in Roseburg. She went on to receive her Bachelor’s Degree in Management from Georgefox University, in Newburg, Oregon. The positions she held included: working as a bedside nurse for three years, a nurse in critical care for seven years and a supervisor/manager for 20 years. This 30-year experience took place at a community hospital called Providence Health and Services, in Oregon. Graduate Education D.C. went on to receiver her Master’s in Leadership and Nursing Education from Warner Pacific University in Portland, Oregon, from 2006-2008. While attending graduate school she continued to work at Providence Health and Services. Her current position made it necessary to go back to school because the institution was requiring all supervisors to have a Master’s degree. D.C. enjoyed her on-line educational experience from Warner Pacific. After her degree, she became the manager/director for  multi-services including: wound care, care management, social  services, medical-surgical and telemetry units. This took place over a four-year period and then D.C. became the Director of Education at Providence for an additional three years. This is where she taught for the University of Great Falls, Montana for their RN to BSN satellite program. D.C. taught live, virtual classrooms with students from many states. She retired from Providence in 2011 and moved to California with her beloved husband, who became the Dean of Rosemead, at Biola University, in La Mirada, California. Present Position Soon after her move to California, D.C. was asked by the nursing department of Biola University, if she would consider teaching for them. She said no at first but then was enticed to begin as a part time clinical instructor for the Bachelor’s in Nursing Program. She began as a community health instructor and then applied for the full-time position as an Associate Professor. She taught Management and Leadership in the fall and Nursing Community in the spring. D.C. is a Level Coordinator for all level 3 activities in the nursing department and part of the administration team as well. Competencies learned in the graduate program included team building, coaching, developing unity and administration skills. Some of her various certifications over the years include: Medical/Surgical Certified, ACLS, PALS and NRP. She also is a master trainer for crucial conversations and a senior facilitator for select interview training. While at Biola University, D.C. also took 80 hours of epidemi ology online through the Center’s for Disease Control. She is also part of the FEMA disaster response program and held an earthquake preparedness day at the university this year. Her graduate degree gave her all the necessary tools to confidently teach at a university level. Pearls of Wisdom For any student in a graduate program it is essential to have a mentor who can give you advice. Words of wisdom from D.C. included â€Å"Everything is a conversation. Even if the conversation is  painful, be open and honest.† The next golden nugget from D.C. was, â€Å"Just do what’s next and pretty soon you’re done.† This helped me to realize to take one step or one assignment at a time and not look with fear to the future. D.C learned organizational skills and was able to write specific objectives for nursing education. Her thesis was on how to be a new graduate with confidence and competence. She learned a new appreciation for people cultural diversity. One thing she learned the most about herself was that she was biased. She encouraged me to question my biases and assumptions in everything we do. These were some incredible tools I will take with me as I continue through the graduate program. Conclusion The effects of graduate education can enhance your skills, increase your knowledge, give you more awareness culturally, enable you to have better organization and make decisions, as well as become a better communicator. D.C. felt she was able to practice her new skills at the hospital she was already working for in a safe environment with people she trusted. What was affected the most in D.C.’s experience during grad school was her attitude. She gained a broader perspective and realized there was so much to gain from others. She felt her graduate degree gave her critical thinking skills that she can use forever. D.C. was an excellent example of someone who has used their graduate degree to the fullest extent as teacher, mentor, advisor and facilitator. The Master of Science in Nursing can be understood in further detail by an interview process outlining a person’s career overview, graduate experience and their present career. I have gained a clearer understanding of the benefits of a graduate degree and am excited to be on this journey with fellow nurse enthusiasts.

Environmental Differences That Google Is Facing In China Media Essay

Environmental Differences That Google Is Facing In China Media Essay The Peoples Republic of China operates an Internet filtering system which is widely considered to be one of the most sophisticated in the world. It works, in part, by inspecting web (HTTP) traffic to determine if specific keywords are present. These keywords relate to matters such as groups that the Chinese Government has banned, political ideologies that they consider unacceptable and historical events that the regime does not wish to have discussed. 1. This interview illustrates the complex environment faced by companies who want to operate in other countries-political, technological, cultural, and ethical. Discuss in detail the specific environmental differences and difficulties that Google is facing in china? United State Google is the leading Internet search engine company in the world which started providing its services in China in 2000.In China, the internet content was heavily censored by the government and users searching on Googles site experienced inordinate delays. Chinas Internet is completely state-owned and it is clear that the Chinese government wants to control what information flows into China and where. It seems that there are different kinds of government censorship. The first one is censorship of citizens within a country and the second one is censorship of citizens who is trying to access information outside. Chinese government put surveillance points at the routing level, domain level and application level to check what the internet user is looking for. Also, if the user want to access to the internet they have to sign an agreement not to access any information that threatens government security. Chinese culture also reflect Google and the people their rarely rely on e mail because they find the idea of leaving messages to be socially awkward so they prefer using mobile phone and short text message. Also, they prefer chatting and discussion face to face. Chinese user feels that Google is a foreign thing that entered their life so they didnt accept it and they preferred to use their own search engine. Chinese people and government are trying to protect their culture, political, and their society form threatens (Google). If Google want to succeed it should respect the laws and regulations, respect the public interest of Chinese people and Chinas culture and customs and shoulder due social responsibilities. 2. What is the Great Firewall of China? Explain the role of the Firewall in convincing Google to begin operation from within China instead of from foreign soil. Great Firewall of China operates, in part, by inspecting TCP packets for keywords that are to be blocked. If the keyword is present, TCP reset packets are sent to both endpoints of the connection, which then close. However, because the original packets are passed through the firewall unscathed, if the endpoints completely ignore the firewalls resets, then the connection will proceed unhindered. Once one connection has been blocked, the firewall makes further easy-to-evade attempts to block further connections from the same machine. In our experiments we were accessing a website based in China (within the Chinese firewall) from several machines based in Cambridge, England (outside the Chinese firewall). The Chinese firewall system, as currently deployed, is known to work entirely symmetrically detecting content to be filtered as it passes in both directions- and by issuing all the commands from the Cambridge end we avoided any possibility of infringing Chinese law. 3. Discuss the different methods by which the Chinese government obtains censorship of the sites. What compromises did Googles executives make about how to operate in china? What service does the company offer and what have they decided not to offer in china? How did they decide which services to eliminate? What did Google learn from yahoos experience? There are two main methods for censoring the web: For companies inside its borders, the government uses a broad array of penalties and threats to keep content clean For Websites that are outside the country, government has another impressively effective mechanism of control which called the great firewall of china. so Google decide to do some compromises in its website by censoring the most politically sensitive web sites-religious groups, democracy groupsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. so they decided not to offer e-mail or blogging service inside china .also, they decided not to take down the existing Chinese -language version of google.com engine, however they opened new website google.cn which was very fast arrived to the Chinese users. When Google wanted to eliminate some of their services, the government would not give them a list of websites so Googles engineers found a solution by setting up a computer inside china and programmed it to try to access websites outside china to see which we bsites are blocked by firewall. Google learned from yahoo experience of handing over an e-mail users personal information to Chinese government .Google had avoided introducing any service that might get someone in jail. 4. Who are the stakeholders in this case? Discuss the concerns and rights of each set of stakeholders. How should Google prioritize the relative obligation that the company has towards those stakeholders? In general there are two types of stakeholders, internal and external stakeholders, in this case the internal stakeholders are Googles managers and employees, and the external are the government and the customers, the concern and the right of Googles managers and employees is to have environment that encourage them to perform their job well and to be innovative, the concern of the Chinese government is to make sure that its regulations are not be violated , the concern of customers in china is not be able to enjoy Googles service .Google should balance those obligations towards the stakeholders , because any shortening of one obligation will affect other stakeholders. 5.1. What role and responsibility does a technology company such as Google have towards society in general? As others corporate and organizations in the world, technology companies have role and responsibility towards society, since most people in the world are rely heavily on technology companies such as Google to exchange and gain information, and to socialize, they have critical role to provide healthy environment for all ages to use the web. The role of Technology Company is to provide the human right of communication and to promote the right of free expression, at the same time it has responsibility to protect the society to remove any harmful and illegal contents on the web such as violence and pornography, and the can use a filtering system to restrict access to offensive pages on the web, and it should collaborate with governments to report any illegal data, for example Yahoo agreed to submit specific data to U.S government that are were useful to protect children from abuse them when they are using the internet. 5.2. Should the home company culture, ethics, and politics impact how the company operates in china? I do not think that the company should conceder its home culture or politics where it operates in china, because china has special values, culture, ethics and polities that might be different from those in the companys home country and china is very insistent that MNC in china should implement the Chinese polities, otherwise it is difficult to operate in china. 5.3. To what extent do you agree with those critics about how Google is going along with Chinas censorship of the companys sites? Some people criticize Google because it always says that it is against the restriction on freedom of speech, Google CEO Eric Schmidt: Strategies governments use trying to shut down peoples speech are terrible strategies and will not succeed, this conflict between what they say and what are they doing actually in china makes some people feel that Google is hypocrite, however other people argue that the great fire wall would exit wither Google out or inside china. 6. To what extent does a company like Google promote culture convergence around the world? Is this a good thing or not? Company like Google is lowering the barriers between countries by allowing people to interact and socialize with people in other parts in the world, this will be good thing if people learn to be tolerant and accept other culture, however it will be a bad thing if bad or wrong values and habits will be transformed to other culture. 7. On balance do you agree or disagree with Googles operation model in China? Can an imperfect Internet help change a society for the better? Whose role or responsibility is that? What if any thing would you do differently? We are not agree with Google operations model because Google should think about the government policies and the culture attitudes. We dont think so that imperfect Internet help change a society for the better and every government and people who live in the country has responsibility for improve their society. U.S. Internet companies understand that the status quo is not a viable option. Pressure from activists and the media is intense and growing, and the U.S. government has made it clear that it is watching the industry closely and might force costly actions if conditions do not improve. Employee morale is also bound to suffer at these companies as individual and corporate ethics are challenged and public image deteriorates. Given that they not prepared to give up the Chinese market or to defy Chinas laws, these companies will need to chart an alternate path to address the human rights problem. Recommendations Companies should follow up on their early interest in working together and with outside parties such as the U.S. government and relevant NGOs with a firm commitment. Leverage the U.S. government and be specific as possible about how the government can help it reach the mutual goals of respecting human rights while operating in China. Test Chinese boundaries for example U.S. Internet companies can take advantage of the vagueness of Chinese law to move towards greater freedoms. If the companies cross the line, the Chinese government will likely give clear signals of their unhappiness before taking any draconian action. Transparency because the fact that neither the U.S. government nor NGO stakeholders will want to support the industry if it lacks transparency. Many in the media and the public will assume the worst of the industry without proof of the advances made. As long as a company is going to be held responsible in the court of public opinion for its actions in China, it will be better off having the control to direct those actions.

The growing importance of business ethics

The growing importance of business ethics This essay discusses the growing importance of business ethics in todays business world. It identifies and analyses the dilemma the multinational corporations are facing and the standards and principles they need to apply when facing these situations. It also identifies how a companys code of conduct can help it to achieve its ethical standards in its global market and create an image of a responsible company providing fair working environment and high ethical standards. In addition, It critically discusses the role and responsbilities that how an MNC can encourage ethical business practice in todays complicated and competitive business environment. The business world is becoming a global village. Various countries markets are becoming available to foreign investors and companies, this allows companies to go across the international borders to do business. It also results in greater competition and opportunities. Many companies become multinational corporations in this process. Multinational corporations are active and important players in todays international business. MNC refers to firms that have extensive and intensive involvement in global market, it also refers to firms that engage in foreign direct investment and own or control resources and activities in more than one country MNC generally coordinate their activities from a central headquarters, but may also allow their affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign markets considerable latitude in adjusting their operations to local circumstances. Businessmen nowadays are not merely satisfied with their home countrys markets and will go overseas to gain a market share in its global business. This leads to globalisation. Globalisation is defined as the expansion and deepening of ties across national borders, has gained ground in all aspects of the business environment. (Morrison, J 2006, p448) It enables individuals, corporations and organisations to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. It is the product of a particular form of governance rooted in the domestic political economies of the early industrialisers. (Prakash, A Hart, J 2000, p32) Some people argue that globalisation enables firms from developed countries to increase unemployment rate from their home countries by transferring job opportunities to a foreign country with low labour cost and serious environmental protection issue. According to the law of comparative advantage, the citizens of each nation can gain by spending more of their time and resources doing those things where they have a relative advantage. (Carbaugh, R, 2007, p14) Success in international trade comes from the interaction of four country-and firm-specific elements. Porters national competitive advantage Porters Diamond Factors conditions Includes not only land, labour, capital factors, also include factors such as educational level of workforces and infrastructure of a county Demand conditions A large and complicated domestic consumer demand would enable the country and companies to compete more effective and more competitively advantaged with other countries. -Related and supporting industries This includes industries supporting the main industry of the country. For instance, Swedens strong paper industry enables its country to have a strong truck manufacturing industry such as Scania. -Firm strategy, structure, rivalry This factor recognises the positive aspect of competition. Thus government might establish an environment that fosters such factors. The problem of international resource allocation, determinants of the pattern of world trade, and gains from trade, all relate to trade, profits and benefits. (Meier, G 1998, p417) However, when a MNC explores its foreign markets, there are cultural and ethical barriers. A MNC will have to encounter a variety of business practices, moral behaviour, ethical standards and cultures which are quite different from their home country. . The main dilemma is MNC are required to use more than their corporate code of conduct, they are also encouraged to apply a higher standard level of ethical business practice. Ethics are defined as the process of distinguishing the right and good from the wrong and bad, and they imply a moral duty to pursue the good and the right. Business ethics is the good or bad behaviour companies carry on in their business. It shows that business should act responsible rather than just seeking profit and economic gains. It forces the companies to adapt themselves in a more ethical and morally correct behaviour and enable companies not only consider profits also have to take the whole society into consideration such as environmental issue. A companys code of conduct sets out what a company can do and what a company cannot do. It establishes a level of business ethics when it operates both in host and home country. A MNCs ethical behaviour should be consistent in its global market. MNC should apply laws and ethical standards at home country and foreign markets where they operate. It should be followed consistently anywhere the MNC has its international business. A universal business ethics standard should be enforced for a MNC to the all the counties where it operates. Its ethical values and integrity should not be changed or damaged to pursue an economical gain or profit. The most important thing is that right ethical vales must be applied in anywhere in the world where the corporate operates its business no matter where it is. A good corporate code of conduct should have the following characteristics: a uniform standard of ethics in its global market set it as high and as practical as possible apply the code of conduct strictly and consistently employees should be fully aware of the code A strong code of conduct would assist a company to gain respect and support from its customers, local authorities even its competitors. To achieve success in todays competitive environment, a MNC should adopt a global standards and a common set of values which it can apply to everywhere it operates business. Besides establishing an ethical culture of a company, a good conduct code will also help the company to create an image of responsible and fairness in its global market. Moral principles might become a minor issue when a company explores its opportunities in a country where laws are not strong enforced and a fragile legal system exists. MNC might adopt a lower standard of moral behaviour in foreign countries where laws are not restrictive as in their home countries. The questions for MNC might be: Are we still going to stick into our principles? Are we going to accept and adapt ourselves to principles and standards that are lower than ours? A recent case is that Levi Jeans. It exited Chinas jean market a few years ago because of its notorious human rights records. The violation of human rights in China makes Levi in a dilemma whether it continues to operate in China or not. However, its global high standard of business ethics make it exited this major market because they cannot lower their moral standards so as to gain pure economic profits in China. In the world of business ethics today, the impact of ethical standards on MNC activities is becoming more and more important. As business ethics becomes more integrated into activities, we must pay attention to the risk of applying ethical standards from the home country to host country where MNC operates. For example, should an American company apply the same ethical behaviour and standard to a developing country such as Thailand? MNC also have to consider how to respect the local culture and apply to the ethical standards of the host country. An important problem for corporations is how to define ethical and unethical behaviour in a variety of countries. In todays world, the behaviour seems difficult to define and distinguish. If MNC apply correct behaviour, it would increase its image and reputation of good corporate governance, otherwise they will damage their reputations in its global market. As differences in the nature, methods, and scope of regulation highlight variations in models of economic organization, these can tighten trade tensions (Pollack, M Shaffer, G 2001p179) The more MNC interacts in a foreign market and country, the more they are going to testify whether their own values and moral judgment are right and absolute since the standards varies from one country to another. However, MNC should be aware that cultural differences and local traditions can be so different that they are contrary to MNC standard in their home country to a large extent. An MNC is usually expected to find itself unprepared in dealing with ethical behaviour in a foreign country. Even if the problems are the same in a foreign country, the ways to solve it might be different. A typical example here is gift-giving. In many countries and cultures, gift giving is allowed and tolerated. For example, in Japan, give giving is not unethical and often encouraged. It represents a kind of relationship between business and business or business and governments. This is quite different from the perspective of western society or ethical standards. This clearly illustrates the importance of nature of differences between different counties and cultures when evaluating different practices, while MNC have to consider whether it complies with its global ethical standards and principles. The main ethical dilemma here is what kind of ethical behaviour should MNC adopts when values conflict with another. Should a company invest in a country where weak labour laws exist or environmental issues are not considered seriously? Or should a company invest in a country where bribery is a common practice? Business ethics can help employees to be prevented from exploitation by profit seeking companies. It is quite clear that some activities are unethical and would not be tolerated no matter where it happens. For instance, forced labour should not be allowed in anywhere in the world. A recent case is that in Thailand, almost 200 people were killed in an international toy manufacturing factory. The cause of the deaths not only pointed to the ineffective sprinkler system, it also because the management level the facotory locked employee in the factory and eventually caused 200 deaths. This kind of behaviour should not be allowed and tolerated in any ethical standards and norms. Responsibilities of MNS to encourage ethical business practice Bribery issue There are two kinds of corruptions: State Capture Individuals, organizations, corporations exercise their power to influence the formation of regulations and policies to benefit themselves to some extent, usually achieved by bribing government officials Administrative corruption Government official use their power and influence to force companies, individuals, groups to pay certain fees by distorting laws and regulations. MNC will often encounter different practices, standards of business behaviour and cultures. They might face the situation that whether to bride a local government official in order to obtain a business contract or deal. A major and common problem in todays international business is how MNC can deal with bribery. In theory, there is no any country on this planet would allow businessmen to bribe government officials and officials are not allowed to take bribe offered by a businessman. However, in practice, this happens quite often. Corruption is a mutual mechanism. Corruption will never happen without demand and supply. Many MNC said that they would not accept and tolerate any kind of bribery. They would prefer not to compete for the business contracts if bribery has to be taken in the whole process. In many developing and less developed countries (LDC), a main problem is that the rising of corruption and bribery in local governmental bodies is leading to both politital and social instability. This problem is more prevalent and serious in these developing or less developed countries law enforcements are not so strong or undeveloped. Child labour issue Another main unethical practice facing MNC is the use of child labour. The labour market difficulties in developed countries are important and deserve full consideration (Michie, J 2003, p194) In most developed countries, use of child labour morally not allowed and more importantly it is prohibited by legislation. Hence, MNC operates in developing and LDC countries are expected to apply the same standards and rules. However in some countries in the world, use of child labour are often allowed and sometimes encouraged. Children are often expected to help their parents to sustain financial problem. This has been a culture or tradition in those countries. This is mainly because of the poor education provided by the local government and insufficient funds to help those children to be well educated. In this instance, children would not be able to survive if they do not work. MNC have to face these situations when they operate in these countries. In these countries, child labour is encouraged to have economical gains. Further, because these societies often do not have the finance, facilities and manpower to provide necessary and appropriate education, children would not be able to survive if they do not work. In Europe, it is concerned with the upheaval caused by globalisation. It must determine how best to use education and training to commit European countries to a process of job creation, whilst ta king control of the globalisation and economy. (Prakash, A Hart, J 2000 p90) However, for MNC, they should not employ children without assessing the consequences. A detailed analysis should be conducted by MNC to assess whether children are suitable to conduct work for them. In addition, they should also provide a fair and safe working environment for those children. Another effective way is to work and cooperate with the local government to provide necessary education and ensure children have necessary education and training before they can start in the workforce. Conclusion: Multinational corporations have become an important and active role in todays globalisation. They have strong power and influences on a foreign countrys policies, regulations even legal issues. The way how they perform in a foreign market has become quite important for both the home country and host country it operates. The moral and ethical standards and principles MNC applies overseas should be consistent with those standards in their home countries. They have a strong responsibility to encourage, promote and apply a globally consistent ethical standards and principles.

AIDS And The Budget :: Free AIDS Essays

"I DO NOT WANT TO DIE! I really don’t wanna die†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.about 30 percent of people who have AIDS are diagnosed in their twenties, that means most were infected in their teens." (It Happened to Nancy) More and more people are being infected with the HIV virus everyday, and if we do not raise the budget, to provide and cure those with the disease, and try to prevent it, the whole country is going to be HIV positive. "The cost of treating people with HIV is increasing by about 20% annually." (AIDS research budget threatened). The future plans for the budget will have a major impact on many lives, especially those who rely on federal programs for support. As in the past, the impact of AIDS and related illnesses continue to influence the budget along with the level of research that could lead to a cure. In 1992, Laura Thomas reported, "Funds for AIDS research are in danger of being reduced to levels that would seriously impede progress towards ef fective treatments." (AIDS Research Budget Threatened) When a person is poor, or homeless, they do not have the funds to pay for medical treatment to keep them healthy, and prolong their lives. Funding for AIDS research from the government is essential in the process to find a cure for this horrible disease. The budgets in the past, are a direct reflection of what the funding should be in the future, and without sufficient funding for AIDS research and development, there will be no cure, or vaccine to stop this epidemic. Immigrants are a targeted group of individuals who, are threatened by cuts in the budget to reduce health care, and research. Immigrants are one of the groups in need of special health care, because of things such as poor income. Funding and budget decisions need to include everyone who is at risk, even legal immigrants. The 1997 Budget Reconciliation was a plan that would negatively affect legal immigrants, including those infected with the HIV/AIDS virus. Representative Clay Shaw made a number of provisions which represented a departure from the bipartisan budget agreement. This agreement included a provision which would soften the impact of 1996’s welfare reform law on legal immigrants, or those who are already citizens. This could be done by restoring SSI and Medicaid eligibility to legal immigrants in the country as of August 22, 1996. (Anti- Immigration provision).

Attica State Prison Uprising September 13, 1971 Essay -- Research Hist

Attica State Prison Uprising September 13, 1971 George Jackson the most famous political prisoner in the 70's and leader of the Black Panther Party was incarcerated at San Quentin Prison in California. He was killed by the State on August 21, 1971. Because of this Attica inmates organized a hunger strike and wore black arm bands. George Jackson's revolutionary writings in his book he had written "Soledad Brother'; was passed from inmate to inmate inside Attica State Prison, which had an enormous impact on the prisoners awareness of their feelings. Mr. Jackson's death lead to the direct uprising of New York's Attica State Correctional facility which was approximately two weeks after George Jackson's death. The uprising of New York's Attica State Correctional Facility is known as the most notorious prison riot in American History. During this time New York's Governor Nelson Rockefeller ran the Attica State prison as forced labor camps as well as other state prisons. Attica State Prison during this time also had an all white correctional staff and eighty-five percent of Attica's prisoners were Black and Latino. Working conditions in Attica State Prison were unbearable, prisoners were political, poor and maltreated. Hygienic conditions were very bad and medical care was practically non-existent. Prisoners average pay was 40 cents a day for manufacturing mattresses, shoes and license plates, prisoners never saw a lawyer, were prevented from defending themselves, wer...

Essay --

DESCRIBE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOLE TRADER. AS A SOLE TRADER, EXPLAIN THE KEY STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP AN INTERIOR DESIGN SERVICE. Sole Trader A sole trader is a self employed person running a business as an individual. As a sole trader you are responsible for: †¢ Completing a self assesment tax return every year. †¢ Any debts that your business incurs. †¢ Paying national insurance and income tax on any profit that your business makes. †¢ Keeping records of sales and expenses (bookkeeping). †¢ Putting your own name and/or business name on any official paperwork. †¢ Bills for stock and equipment for the business †¢ You must register for VAT if your business takings exceed  £79,000.00 a year. When setting up an interior design service as a sole trader the key steps to be taken are: †¢ To think about and decide what your personal and financial business aspirations are. †¢ Be prepared to do what it takes to get your business up and running , there will be long hours, financial outlay, and you should be able to handle rejection and negagtivity, when the going gets tough. †¢ Be realistic and understand the tasks involved in setting up and running your business. †¢ Create a realistic working business plan, this can be done with the help of a solicitor or accountant. Your business plan is not set in stone, infact it should be reviewed with the continued progression of your business. A business plan will map out the direction your business should take and by working through it should also hi-light any possible flaws in your business idea. Your business plan is also an essential tool if you are intending to borrow any money as any prospective lender will want to know what they are abou... ...uides Display books †¢ You will also need to budget for and make consumable purchases. The following list is a guide: Ink cartridges and paper for printer Business stationery and envelopes Pens and Pencils Eraser and putty rubber Scalpel blades Spray mount/glue Notebooks and pads Presentation materials (card etc) Staples and paperclips †¢ Set up trade accounts with relevant suppliers. †¢ Create a marketing plan to sell your products and services. †¢ Make up display books to take with you when you visit your client. This will be a way of displaying your skills and versatility. †¢ Spread the word, promote your business in everyway possible, tell all your friends, relatives, acquaintances, related businesses and sub contractors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites www.wikipedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.gov.uk www.smarta.com Essay -- DESCRIBE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOLE TRADER. AS A SOLE TRADER, EXPLAIN THE KEY STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP AN INTERIOR DESIGN SERVICE. Sole Trader A sole trader is a self employed person running a business as an individual. As a sole trader you are responsible for: †¢ Completing a self assesment tax return every year. †¢ Any debts that your business incurs. †¢ Paying national insurance and income tax on any profit that your business makes. †¢ Keeping records of sales and expenses (bookkeeping). †¢ Putting your own name and/or business name on any official paperwork. †¢ Bills for stock and equipment for the business †¢ You must register for VAT if your business takings exceed  £79,000.00 a year. When setting up an interior design service as a sole trader the key steps to be taken are: †¢ To think about and decide what your personal and financial business aspirations are. †¢ Be prepared to do what it takes to get your business up and running , there will be long hours, financial outlay, and you should be able to handle rejection and negagtivity, when the going gets tough. †¢ Be realistic and understand the tasks involved in setting up and running your business. †¢ Create a realistic working business plan, this can be done with the help of a solicitor or accountant. Your business plan is not set in stone, infact it should be reviewed with the continued progression of your business. A business plan will map out the direction your business should take and by working through it should also hi-light any possible flaws in your business idea. Your business plan is also an essential tool if you are intending to borrow any money as any prospective lender will want to know what they are abou... ...uides Display books †¢ You will also need to budget for and make consumable purchases. The following list is a guide: Ink cartridges and paper for printer Business stationery and envelopes Pens and Pencils Eraser and putty rubber Scalpel blades Spray mount/glue Notebooks and pads Presentation materials (card etc) Staples and paperclips †¢ Set up trade accounts with relevant suppliers. †¢ Create a marketing plan to sell your products and services. †¢ Make up display books to take with you when you visit your client. This will be a way of displaying your skills and versatility. †¢ Spread the word, promote your business in everyway possible, tell all your friends, relatives, acquaintances, related businesses and sub contractors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites www.wikipedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.gov.uk www.smarta.com

Consumer Association of Bangladesh

1. Introduction Consumers Association of Bangladesh (CAB), a non-government Non-political and non-profit voluntary organization was founded in February, 1978 at the initiation of some dedicated residents in Dhaka who was imbued with the ideas of consumerism, a movement that already took shape in many advanced countries in Europe and America. Primarily started as a social group to protect consumers from commodity adulteration and artificial price-hike it has gradually widened its scope to establish and safeguard consumers’ rights and interests in social, economic, health and environmental issues.CAB was registered with the Department of Social Services, Government of Bangladesh vide reg. No DHA-01247 dated 14 March 1983 and with the NGO Affairs Bureau vide reg. No. DSS/FDO/R-197 dated 2 March 1986. CAB is also a full member of Consumers International. It is funded by membership fees and by grants from donors. Organization Profile: Organization Name: CAB (Consumers Association o f Bangladesh) Member no: 761 Joining date: 15 Mar 1981Region: Asia Pacific Address: 8/6, Segunbagicha, Dhaka- 1000 Location: Bangladesh Type of Work: Campaigning and/or lobbying, Consumer Advice, Consumer Legislation, Dispute Resolution, Networking, Product Testing, Publishing, Research/Policy analysis. It has 500 regular and 100 associate members. Its mission is to empower Consumers with the knowledge and skills for the effective protection of their rights and interests.The major areas of CAB activities are: Consumer Information & Education, Surveillances & Monitoring on market prices and quality of essential commodities and utility services, consumer’s complaints handlings, campaign for safe foods and commodities, ethical drug promotion and safe environment, studies & research on consumer issues and problems, Advocacy and lobby with the government and policy makers for enactment of Consumer Protection Law. 2. Objectives of CAB: The major objectives of CAB are to: 1. make co nsumers aware of their rights and responsibilities; 2. romote consumer education, aiming at raising awareness of consumers against exploitation, and providing them with technical knowledge and support for real protection; 3. focus on consumers' problems and develop a spirit of mutual co-operation and understanding among different groups, associations, institutions, NGOs and government agencies functioning in the interests of the welfare of the people; 4. exchange information and knowledge of various actions about consumer protection with national and international organizations; 5. organize and set-up consumers associations and groups at the districts and thana level 6.Undertake research studies on consumer issues and problems. 7. Generate awareness among the consumers about their internationally recognized rights and responsibilities as consumers 8. Promote consumer education aiming at empowering consumers with the knowledge and skills on protection of their rights. 9. Enable consu mers to organize themselves in establishing and protecting their rights and interests through organized action. 10. Arrange for testing of products and commodities to make the market places safer and consumer friendly. 11.Provide mediation and legal support to the aggrieved consumers related to violation of their rights and interests involved in the purchase and use of commodities and services. 12. Foster and develop contacts and liaison with the national and international organizations having similar objectives. 13. Publish educational materials and feed consumers with information and knowledge on consumerism, consumer issues and problems. 3. Achievements: CAB activities in consumer education include mainly the publication of a monthly bulletin in Bangla titled Consumers' Voice to provide consumers with information of various consumer issues and problem.CAB also publishes a quarterly bulletin in English, which it distributes to different organizations at home and abroad. In additio n, it occasionally publishes pamphlets, folders, and leaflets on various consumer issues and problems and regularly prepares features and press releases for dissemination through the mass media. CAB regularly monitors the market prices of essential commodities and services to show the actual price situation in the market and keep prices within the purchasing power of general consumers.It runs a market monitoring cell, which regularly conducts market surveys and supplies relevant information to consumers through national dailies. CAB launched a ‘Dirty Dozen Campaign' against 12 most harmful pesticides. Earlier, there were no guidelines on the marketing of pesticides and it is because of the pressure created by CAB that the government had to formulate guidelines on the marketing of pesticides and publish them through a gazette notification. CAB also carried out studies on household insecticides and labeling of pesticides on packets.The organization was very vocal and active in c reating demand for formulating a National Drug Policy (NDP) and played an active role in the process of enactment of the NDP in 1982. Since then, CAB has been regularly monitoring the implementation of NDP and organizing promotional activities, especially relating to issues of inadequacy and poor services in the delivery of public health care. CAB started an anti-tobacco campaign in 1981. CAB is active in lobbying with the government for banning smoking in selected public places. CAB is also monitoring the implementation of the Breast Milk Substitute Ordinance enacted in 1984.CAB carries out campaigns in support of breastfeeding. CAB activities include organization of seminars, workshops, and group meetings, street processions, distribution of posters and leaflets, and publication of features in newspapers on environmental pollution and degradation as well as on safe road and transport systems. A routine activity of CAB is the formation and development of consumer for expansion of c onsumer movement at the division, district, thana and peripheral levels. These groups keep liaison with the national level and deal with consumer education and motivation and handle local consumer problems and issues.CAB runs a Complaint Centre to receive complaints from consumers and extends technical and legal support to them for redress. With a view to keeping the consumers informed about the daily market situation and other consumer issues and problems CAB runs a Consumer Information Centre, which has a small library attached to it. It conducts studies on important consumer issues such as commodity prices, use of BMS in hospitals and clinics, tobacco consumption, road accidents, violation of BMS ordinance, drug abuse and the like.It has been looking for the formulation of consumer protection laws in the country for a long time. CAB now concentrates its activities in the districts of Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Gazipur, Manikganj, Bogra, Khulna and Barisal but has plan s to expand the activities in other districts of the country, too. Some of the achievements of CAB are as follows: The Milk Vita Company used to mix imported powder milk with cow’s milk and then market it as the cow’s milk.CAB exposed this malpractice, following which the company had to change its policy; CAB created considerable awareness among the people about harmful and unnecessary drugs long before the enactment of the National Drug Policy, which after being formulated, was popularized by CAB through a vigorous campaign; Since 1984, CAB has been conducting campaigns for the promotion and protection of breast feeding and has been an advocate for enactment and implementation of Bangladesh Breast Feeding Substitutes (marketing regulation) Ordinance, 1984; CAB was instrumental in the declaration of the Code of Pesticide Marketing and assisted in the creation of a committee to evaluate price situation, in the re-organization of the Bangladesh Standard Institute and pub lication of lists for standard certificates, and in creation of a committee to assess the adulteration position in edible oils; CAB was instrumental in the re-organization of the government's Environmental Pollution Control Department. The anti-tobacco campaign by CAB resulted in the introduction of warning against hazardous effects of smoking in cigarette advertisements; and CAB has been recognized as representative of consumers in numerous committees (both government and non-government) formed on different issues and subjects.CAB, however, faces a number of constraints such as inadequacy of funds, and a relatively slow response from communities and population groups that prevent consumer movement from gaining a solid ground, and a general weakness of consumers in terms of their awareness level and bargaining strength in purchases. CAB's success, therefore, remains minimal as their programmers often go against the interest of the business community, who enjoys near monopoly and has the opportunity to organize syndicated trade. 3. 1 Research Studies: Several research and survey works on consumer’s affairs are undertaken by CAB. Information dissemination to the stake holders and to the relevant government authorities are the routine practices. It helps the decision makers to take action and make remedial future action plan for assuring the rights of consumers in the country. Survey and research on â€Å"Awareness to the sellers and consumers regarding BSTI, and the certification marks system of BSTI† in the year of 2000. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Awareness and the status of Bangladesh on keeping the consumers right† in the year of 2000. †¢Research on â€Å"Market food and packaged food† in the year of 2003. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Unpackaged food in Dhaka city† in the year of 2003. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Health service: The present status of Bangladesh (1. 5 years)† in the year of 2005. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Public sentiment of sellers and consumers† in the year of 2005. †¢Survey report on â€Å"Livelihood expenses and pricing of product† in 1982- 2007). †¢Yearly survey report on â€Å"Accident on road and river transport† in (2000-2004). Survey and research on â€Å"The use of indigenous medicine† in the year of 2005. 3. 2 Campaign for Safe Environment: Women and children are the worst sufferers due to increasing environmental degradation and CAB undertakes programs to promote public awareness and their participation in the environmentally sustainable development. Campaign activities in the form of seminars, workshops, group meetings, rallies and street processions, production and distribution of educational materials, writing of features, press release etc. against air and water pollution, environmental degradation and other social abuses are organized on regular basis. 3. 3 Campaign against Tobacco:CAB h as been campaigning against production and marketing of tobacco since 1981 and it is through the continued and persistent endeavors of CAB that advertisement of cigarettes in Radio and TV has been banned and health hazards warning signals on cigarette packs has been introduced. CAB is a member of the Bangladesh Anti-tobacco Alliance and has been lobbying with the government for enactment of laws putting ban on smoking in public places as well as on advertisement of cigarettes in print media. This has, however, resulted in the enactment of Bangladesh Tobacco Control Law 2005. CAB has now started lobbying with the government for effective implementation of law and organizing campaign for raising public awareness on tobacco menace to bring about tangible reduction of tobacco use in the society. Read also: Padma Bridge

American Revolution or Evolution

Saroosh . H. Khan American Evolution or Revolution? The theme has been subject to excessive discussion over the course of more than two centuries encompassing the existence of the United States. Although it has been taught for as long in our schools and classrooms and all other educational institutions that the year 1776 Anno Domini marks the year of American Revolution, but amidst historians and intellectuals the dilemma to whether to call it a revolution or an evolution has never been out of question. Reader! Doesn’t it enthrall one that a single word could bifurcate scholars and create factions amongst the erudite. ?Por que (why? ) there must be a reason and there is! The answer is simple yet rational: Perspective. Albert Einstein, (the famous physicist) most remembered by his theory of relativity, concluded that distance and time were not absolute. History resides in the same niche. It is more than a chronological account of past events of a period or a livelihood or development of a people, an institution, or a place. But what it is not is absolute. It is always left upon interpretation, scrutiny, analysis, probing and pondering. The perception or perspective gained through such rigorous processes is also subject to the base of a historian. It is very uncommon to find historians sharing their bases of initial learning and therefore the effect of their own era, age, surroundings and upbringing must also be taken account of. A revolution, defined by Encyclopedia Britannica is: a major, sudden, and hence typically a violent alteration in government and in related associations and structures. On the other hand Oxford dictionary defines an evolution as: the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form. Let us decide upon the usage of the word Revolution, which one can venture out to say, could be dated from the year 1775 with its ignition being the battle of Lexington and Concord and culmination being the ratification of the constitution of the States in 1782. Seemingly easy doesn’t it? It doesn’t really respond to how fundamentally did the thoughts, ideals, ideology and mindset of a 2. 5 million inhabitants change and led to he chain of events that became known as the American Revolution. What I believe is that no people in the course of history have ever rebelled against a certain state, condition or ideology without a buildup of grievances, resentment or a gradual shift of attitude towards accepting a better socio-dogma. Let’s go back to the early 17th century when immigrations began to take place into the New Wo rld. Herds of folks comprising of German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish descent and not to mention the French Huguenots, began pouring into the lands in order to escape from the fetters of the Old World. They did not have any more an appetite for its rituals, its doctrines, its curbing of civil liberties, and mostly the cost of living in it. One can even say at this particular time, that they were revolting as a denouement of the evolution of the aforementioned causes. So it would be appropriate to say that a 17th century Europe was in revolution. Let’s go further with this theory and say that the immigrants reaching the New World were revolutionaries. Almost 150 years of Pax Americana (used strictly in context with the time period and not according to current usage) so to say was enjoyed by the colonists. During this time, some changes irrevocably did take place. This is evident from the fact that the language that the majority of the immigrants originally spoke had evolved into a different dialect. So from this we can also entrust upon the belief that alongside linguistics political and socio-economic changes did also take place. A political change that actually began with the migrations was the rise of a political ideology known as Republicanism. Technically ruled by Great Britain or more accurately looked over, the colonies practiced the policy through their town halls and city councils. Very famous examples of such republican instruments were the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Massachusetts Assembly. These were regulated by either representative or direct democracy. The symbol of democracy at the time was looked upon as the House of Commons in England, however it did seem a bit more than contradicting to have the Buckingham Palace towering high in the very country. The colonists did give their allegiances to the monarch but because of the fact that it was kind of conditional. Although they did not realize it nor was it formally declared but they remained docile because they were never tampered by British legislations. They had during this time, created their own principles, created their own system of jurisprudence, law, justice, methods of trade, commerce, education, agriculture etc. When after the French and Indian war, the British began actively participating in the earlier enumerated colonial components of society; it would’ve obviously been not received glad handedly by the Colonists as it did not. Let’s now examine the economic evolution that took place to ensure America’s Independence. The 150 year old period was in terms of trade and commerce coined as a period of salutary neglect. For the colonists it brought economic prosperity and industrialization. For the British it was shooting themselves in the foot. Intentional lax in order to show the appreciation for economic freedom while regulating the policy of mercantilism. Does it make any sense? One would question Robert Walpole’s sanity between all of this; however he is not our subject of concern. What you shall so sow so shall you reap; a very old and passed around saying isn’t it? But it does make sense in the context. The British for a very long period of time followed the policy and the colonist enjoyed its benefits. Smuggling was nothing out of the blue, very common. Other European nations also benefitted from it, the Colonial agriculture products such as hay, wheat, barley, maize and cotton were valued highly in foreign markets. When the British annoyed at Colonial stubbornness to pay taxes, passed the writs of assistance; there was an outrage. There had to be one, like it did, smuggling was not put up with anymore and a flow of revenue generation created as a result of foreign trade stagnated. How were the merchants to run their businesses without the freedom of trading being allowed to them as it had always been? Hence there was an outcry by the merchants who went bankrupt as a result of such legislation. Ah! One cannot expect the theme to be talked about without the mentioning of taxes somewhere or another. The country was not at all familiar with taxes; once again it is necessary to mention that when we talk about being not being tampered for almost 150 years it is meant more than it sounds. Citizens in Britain were obliged to pay taxes, however their brethren in the New World were not. I do at times believe that absolute freedom corrupts absolutely, there should be some harnesses or bridles put on in order to let ivility root in or in this case for rule to sustain. When suddenly exposed to direct taxes such as Stamp Act and Sugar Acts why would it not cause havoc with in the colonists? It would lead to acrimony towards the crown like it did, it would lead to mass protests like it did and would lead to severing of ties like it did. In the beginning I wrote about how a historical event is su bject to independent interpretation. How historians may or may not agree on something because of the different elements molding the shape of the basis for their knowledge. I must confess that it is not arbitrary and applies to myself as it does to any other individual. I believe that evolution without revolution is lame and revolution without evolution blind, very similar to what Einstein said about religion and science. One thing is for certain though, nothing is by nature revolutionary. There has to be friction to beget fire. During the 150 year period evolutionary changes in political beliefs, social policies and economic mechanisms did take place otherwise the colonists would’ve never armed themselves to teeth and hoisted the flag of revolution.