Principles and Practice of Web Design – Home Page Evaluation

08. 04. 2013 INT1022 Principles and Practice of Web Design THE EVALUATION OF WWW. EXPERILAND. COM/ URL http//www. experiland. com/ Introduction The website experiland. com is print by and part of the JB Concepts design & media meeting and was arrangeed in 2010. The urge to create the site developed because the JB Concepts design & media group felt that there was a contract for a science website for students, teachers and interested younker people which helps them understand science and encourages them to experience science with own, by the website guided, go th abrasive with(predicate)s and experiments. furthermore the website gives the opportunity to increase the know guidege provided online through the availability of e-books. The creators see themselves responsible for educating and improving the learning experience for students while providing the necessary info concerning safety and emphasizing the sense of responsibility by the young scientists. The science projects ar e divided into different target groups ranging from the first to the eighth grade. Description & Evaluation The home-page of the website is divided into four main parts. It likewise introduces the texture of the website and reflects the usual design for every sub-page.The texture is divided into two parts which are differentiated through different colourize. The head part is silver neon honey oil and gives an association to the melodic theme science as it is usually considered nature based while green reflects this nature aspect. The other texture is a rough to flavourless going dark grey metallic look which reflects the human involvement in the topic science. It makes sense that green is the head as it is the ground for the researches and the metallic artificial looking part is the content part of the website because it reflects what human found out so far.Thus it is a great choice of general design for the website. Furthermore the subtitles in the content part have a specia l pattern which gives the exploiter the impression to see through a microscope on the subtitles. It thus keeps the topic science consistently over the complete page and uses patterns effectively to suggest the theme. Furthermore the head of the website provides a character and the logo design of the website which includes the other seemings that will be employ on the website. The colors are identification colors for the five different main themes of science the website provides.These topics are chemistry in blue, which resembles liquid, earth science and astronomy in violet, which is comm completely associated with science of the universe, electricity and magnetism in yellow, which resembles the debile of a light bulb, life science as biology in green, as green is commonly associated with the nature and finally physics in red, which differs strongly from the other colors It thus slowly introduces the drug drug substance abuser into the color elan of the website and helps the user to rediscover the already known colors afterward in the content parts.The great and harmonious mix of colors as well as entices the user to spend more time on the website and thus provides the positive effect that a wisely chosen color way should have (Shenkman & Jonsson, 2000 Nielsen, 2002 Tractinsky et al, 2004 Tractinsky et al, 2006 Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994). The website uses the pillowcase -Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif- consistently on every page and just differs in the color for titles and subtitles, content and link up. The Titles and subtitles are in bold, white and in the size of 1. 8em to be considerably identifiable as titles. The content is regular, black and in the size of 1. em while the links have the same structure they are in light green. The website uses the em size of font because it is intimately scalable and mobile-device friendly. The font choice of the website is efficient and logical. The titles and subtitles have a slightly bigger size without macrocosm in addition place containing, while the content is held simple and easily readable. Titles in the running text are emphasized by using bold font and 1. 6em as the size. However the choice of the color for links is not suitable even though they are easy to differ from the rest of the text, they are sometimes gravely to see because of the green color way and theme design.It seems more fitting to the design than the commonly used blue but however is harder to distinguish from the text. The texting of the website is held easily understandable for students of any age. Moreover the website provides an online glossary that can be used to understand specific scientific terms. It thus delivers exactly what is needed to the target group of young students. The pictures used on the website are generally held simple but are however efficient and easily recognizable and understandable. The simple use of the pictures lets the website officiate fast and without long loading pe riods.It is thus easy to browse through and find a topic of interest. The first part is the head of the website which provides the user with links to the five main parts of the websites which are the Home-page, the Books-page where the user can purchase e-books, an to the highest degree us-page on which the company provides further information for the drive to create the website, the some important page Projects and the possibility to get in contact with the creators for questions and inquiries. additionally the website provides the possibility to search for topics on the website by implementing a Google-Search-Tool in the head.More over frequent users of the website can sign in with their account and a shopping cart tool is implemented. The Head of the page thus serves exactly what is needed from a head. It gives the user the opportunity to easily navigate in between the main pages of the website and search for specific topics more easily. It effectively uses the space to promo te the logo and introduces the user to the website. The only negative thing about the head is the choice of colors for the not chosen main pages, as they are depicted in a slightly lighter green than the background which can make them hard to read.Other than that all information are clearly readable and identifiable. The second part is the sidebar. The sidebar provides a plenitude of information and options for the user. Once understood it can be used to easily navigate through the website. The sidebar stays right to the content part through project and website based contents and only disappears in the books part of the website. It consists of different parts which differ from each other by the use of color and small graphics. Additionally the first part differs itself further by not being in the same design.This makes sense because this part is about the charitable function of the website, which donates 5% of their get to charity and wants the user to vote for which charity it sh ould be. The next part depicts the shopping cart of the users since it is possible to purchase e-books on the website. It thus helps to keep an overview if books are being purchased. The next five parts are designed to help the user understand the website and to browse through the website and find suitable information.It thus provides browsing by school grade, by occupation and purpose, and the nature of interest of the user. These bars are thus implemented to introduce first time users and help them navigate through the system. Its very effective because the first time users dont have to look for the detailed content immediately but can be guided by the navigation the website provides. Additionally the small graphics help the users, and especially young users, to identify the use of the bar quickly and recognize them later again.Experienced users can make use of the sidebar as well, as it allows them to find their current project or their topic of interest effectively because it im plemented the same color scheme and graphics design for the main topics of science as used on the content pages of those topics. That means that the colors are recurring and coherently used through the website and paint a complete picture. The sidebar allows the user a horizontal navigation through the different topics. Only specific projects must be found by navigating to the field of interest and finding the project from there. The third part is the content part of the website.It is separated in different colons which provide further information about before mentioned topics and themes. In the main page the content part basically gives more information to the points that are mentioned and depicted in the other parts. It allows the user to click on the topics and receive an even more detailed description of the topics. The content part always changes and contains the source of information and the reason for the users to use the website. It helps the user to find topics of interest and gives to every detailed subtopic a quantity of available projects in that topic.After deciding for a topic the user will be led to a different content page which is designed in the topics lead color and contains the different available projects. The different projects are then differentiated in different categories depending on the advised grade of the student, the difficulty, the time consumption and whether or not adult supervision is advised. The side then provides further information about the topic and explains how the project works. It is very effectively design because it shows briefly what materials are needed and then shows graphics and explanations on how to perform the project.It makes it easily understandable for students. It also draws a conclusion why the project works and gives the possibility to receive further information about the topic by purchasing an e-book. It is an effective way to present and explain the project, however the website is pressuring the user into buying the e-books because they only provide further information with these e-books. The last part of the website is the bottom part. It summarizes the main parts of the website in general main topics and provides a legitimacy check by showing awards the website won. Moreover it provides a free sample of one of the e-books.It is held in the same rough metallic grey design that is used as the texture of the site. Moreover this part also never changes and is provided on every content page. Bibliography Nielsen, J. , Tahir,M. Homepage Usability 50 Websites Deconstructed, unsanded Riders Publishing, Indianapolis, IN, 2002. Olsson, T. (2007, 1 10). The Definitive Guide to Web Character Encoding. Retrieved 1 14, 2013, from SitePoint http//www. sitepoint. com/guide-web-character-encoding/ Schenkman, B. N. , Jonsson,F. U.. Aesthetics and preferences of web pages, Behavior and Information Technology 19 (2000) 367377. Stemler, L. K. (1997).Educational Characteristics of Multimedia A b ooks Review. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia , 6 (3), pp. 339-359. Tractinsky, N. , Cokhavi,A. , Kirschenbaum,M.. Evaluating the consistency of immediate aesthetic perception of web pages, International Journal of Human Computer Studies 64 (2006) 10711083. Tractinsky, N. , Cokhavi,A. , Kirschenbaum,M.. Using ratings and response latencies to evaluate the consistency of immediate aesthetic perceptions of web pages, in Proceedings of the Third Annual Workshop on HCI Research in MIS, Whashington, DC, 2004, pp. 15. Valdez, P. , Mehrabian, A. , Effects of color on emotion,Journal of Experimental Psychology General 123 (1994) 394409. WhatIs. com. (2005). What is font? Retrieved 1 12, 2012, from comment from WhatIs. com http//whatis. techtarget. com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212137,00. html WhatIs. com. (2005). What is text? Retrieved 1 12, 2012, from Definition from WhatIs. com http//whatis. techtarget. com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213125,00. html Wikipedia. (2012). Typography. Retrieved 1 12, 2012, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Typography Wikipedia. (2012). Unicode. Retrieved 1 13, 2012, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Unicode

Race Colors Judgement Essay

The criminal justice system in the United States is wiz of the many a(prenominal) places that I believe stereotypes atomic number 18 formed. For practice, Afri foot-Americans make up only 13% of the U. S. population but represent 46% of the inmate population who find received sentences of more(prenominal) than one year (Hart, 2006, p. 1). Another example of a racial disparity can be seen the percentage of African-Americans who are do drugs users (14%) and those sentenced for drug offenses (53%) (Sentencing Project, 2009 p. 3). More African-American men are in prison or jail, on probation or parole then were enslaved in 1850, before the Civil fight began, (Alexander, 2010).However, this is not just a problem within the African-American community. More than 60% of the mint in prison are now racial and ethnic minorities and three-fourths of all persons in prison for drug offenses are people of color (www. sentencingproject. org). The Bureau of Justice Statistics shows, that th e likelihood for an African-American or Hispanic to be imprisoned is, 18. % for African-Americans and 10% for Hispanics, while the likelihood for whiteneds is 3. 4% (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005). Brennan and Spohn (2009) showed in their battleground, The Joint Effects of Offender melt/Ethnicity and Sex on Sentence space Decisions in Federal Courts, that African-American males received a significantly longer sentence (93 months) than White males (86. 2 months) (Brennan & Spohn, 2009). These are just some of the numbers, which cannot be ignored. An primal question to ask why are these racial disparities happening?In the essay White juror bias An investigation of racial prejudice against foreboding(a) defendants in the American courtroom, Sommers & Ellsworth (2001) bind a quote, which, I think, sums up the reasoning for turn overing race and its effect on juries, it came from one of my favorite movies In our courts, when it is a white mans word against a black mans, the white man always wins. Theyre ugly, but those are the facts of lifespanThe one place where man ought to get a square plenitude is a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people nominate a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box (From To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee, 1960, p. 20).The thinking by many social psychologists is Racism still exists in our company today but is no longer endorsed by explicit racist beliefs or undisguised acts of prejudice (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Instead its a Subtle, implicit, or aversive form of racism (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Whites in our society are taught to embrace egalitarianism (equality) and make a conscious effort to behave non-prejudice, or have non-bias beliefs. However, that does not mean that they still dont harbor prejudicial attitudes. In a struggle setting aversive racism and race salience, or racially charged vs. racially neutral, go hand and hand.Studies have concluded, a trial that is racially char ged reminds jurors of their egalitarianism, but in a trial not racially charged a jurors motivation to avoid being prejudice is not triggered instead they demonstrate their racial bias (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2001). It is the run of the mill trials where juror biases are displayed. White jurors need to be reminded that they should not have a bias. By reminding them, by a racially motivated incident, jury voir dire, jury instructions before deliberation, and others, White jurors are less likely to demonstrate racial bias towards an African-American defendant.Jury composition or heterogeneity vs. homogeneity groups, is theorized to be a huge factor in overall group decision-making skills. This is especially important in the jury decision-making process and verdicts because minorities are underrepresented on a jury. Sommerss study Racial Diversity and Group Decision Making (2006) concluded, a jury, which has heterogeneity, rather than homogeneity considers a wider range of perspectives a nd info (Sommers, 2006).It was the diversity of the group influence on the White juror more than the performance of the African-American juror in the group (Sommers, 2006). This is not to say that the African-American juror did not perform well. Since many juries are not racially diverse, Whites on a jury may forget their egalitarian values, may not consider a wider range of perspectives and information, and lead spend less clock on their decisions. In-group bias is when people show a strong preference for fellow in-group members and tend to malign out-group members (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000).Thomas Pettigrew, veritable Research Professor of Social Psychology at the University of California, in his 1979 study demonstrated that negative behaviors of in-group members were attributed to situational forces but negative behaviors of out-group members were attributed to inherent dispositions, which is the opposite from positive behavior attribution (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000). This is a particularly important theory because juries for criminal trials are taking in facts pertaining to the negative behavior of a defendant who is either from their in-group or out-group.Systematic information processing is conceptualized as Comprehensive analytic orientation to inform processing in which perceivers access and scrutinize a great deal of information for its relevance to their judgment task (Tamborini et al. , 2007) Heuristic processing is conceptualized as A more limited mode of information processing that requires less cognitive effort and fewer cognitive resources than systematic processing (Tamborini et al. , 2007) Simple stated, heuristic information processing are shortcuts using previous knowledge and stereotypes, which influences peoples judgments.During a trial, jurors attain in enormous amounts of information and when deliberating they tend to fill in the missing information with past experiences or stereotypes about certain crimes and criminals. This is n ot their intention, however it is how people cognitively process information-we put information into or take it out of certain categories. There are three main research methods used to study race and its effects on juries (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Archival analysis of actual cases is ideal but thither are a lot of confounding variables, which are voteless to measure and control statistically (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003).Another method used is post-trial juror interviews. This method is useful because you are asking direct questions of the jurors, who were part of the real trials. However, it is time consuming, has a small sample size, and relies on self-reporting by jurors (which in unreliable) (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). The third method is mock juror experiments, which relies on the experimental method of social psychological science and allows the experimenters to control the confounding variables (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003).There are some downfalls to using mock juror experi ments as well, such as using college students as participants, written trial summaries, instead of witnessing a real trial, and the decision made by mock jurors have no real consequences (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). According to Sommers and Ellsworth (2003) it is best to use multiple methods. For example compare archival data to mock jury data. As I stated earlier, aversive racism and race salience (racially charged vs. racially neutral) in trials go hand and hand.Sommers and Ellsworth (both social psychologists) first studied race salience in their study, Race in he Courtroom Perceptions of Guilt and Dispositional Attributions (2000). Since the theory of aversive racism ( mod or subtle) states, Whites are more motivated to appear non-prejudice when racial issues are salient or prominent. They found that when a trial involves race salience the race of the defendant did not influence the White jurors (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000). However, when a trail did not have race salience, the A frican-American defendants were found to be more guilty, aggressive, and dotty by the White juror then the White defendant.This could have a profound effect, since Whites are not caught up in the day to day of racial issues, they may not take notice to the most subliminal racial issues in a trial. It may cause them to revert back to the more overt form of racism without even consciously knowing they are being racist or displaying their biases. A more recent study, Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System, conducted for the Ministry of Justice Research Series, by Thomas and Blamer (2007) concluded when a trial is racially charged (race salience), reliance rates for African-American defendants were lower.However, the conviction rate between White jurors and African-American jurors for African-American defendants were no assorted (Thomas & Balmer, 2007) (44% and 43%). In trials that were racially neutral, White jurors had low conviction rates for African-American defendants, while African-American jurors had high conviction rates for White defendants and low conviction rates for African-American defendants (Thomas & Balmer, 2007).This was a very interesting finding because in the Sommers and Ellsworth studies (2000, 2001) African-American jurors showed leniency both in race salience and non-race salience trials. Thomas and Balmer (2007) point out that in the Sommers and Ellsworth study that jurors did not decide cases as part of a jury with any deliberations (Thomas & Balmer, 2007). The results in the Thomas and Blamer study showed that individual jurors had difference conviction rates, but as a jury there was no difference between race salience and non-race salience trails (Thomas & Blamer, 2007).None of the juries (there were 8 in all) in the Thomas and Blamer (2007) study convinced the White defendant, The juries in England and Wales where this study took place have the same makeup as juries in the United States, majority White (Thomas & Balmer, 2007). Tha t makes a nice segway into my next theory of jury composition because it appears that they dynamic of a racially mixed jury helped ensure individual biases were not allowed to dictate verdicts (Thomas & Balmer, 2007).Justice Thurgood Marshall said, Diverse juries enjoy wider ranging discussions because White and Black jurors bring different experiences and perspectives to the jury room (Sommers, 2006). Not only do African-American jurors bring different experiences but also, as we saw in the Thomas and Balmer (2007) study a racially mixed jury might help to ensure individual biases are not allowed to dictate verdicts. Again, referring to a study by Sommers (the leading researcher in this field) in which he specifically studies The multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations (Sommers, 2006).Having African-Americans (or minorities in general) on a jury can bring two different types of diversity-deep-level diversity and surface-level diversity (Sommers, 2007). Both can allude information exchange in different ways. Deep-level diversity brings the expertise, attitudes, and values of the individual members to the deliberation room (Sommers, 2007). Surface-level diversity brings members demographics and social category membership into the deliberation room (Sommers, 2007).Sommers (2006) found diverse groups spent more time deliberating, made fewer factual errors, and if there was an error it was more likely to be corrected, more open-mindness, and less resistance to discussions of controversial race topics (Sommers, 2006). The self-colored jury was the opposite (Sommers, 2006). Those results showed the affect deep-level diversity could bring to a jury. However, another aspect, which leave alone bring me back to the theory of aversive racism and race salience, is the affect having diversity has on a White juror.By having a racially diverse jury, the White jurors have the issue of race and egalitarian values in the forefront of their minds. The Whi te jurors are avoiding seeming bias. Sommers et al. , (2008) conducted a study to see if there are Cognitive effects of racial diversity in a group. The study found that Whites in a diverse group process information more thoroughly. They had no interaction with a diverse group member, it was scarcely being aware of a diverse group composition, which impacted the cognition of White members.It even improved reading comprehension of race-relevant passages, especially when Whites expected to have race-relevant conversation. This is important in a legal context as well. If a White jurors cognitive ability, and information processing is improved they will use systematic processing which is A comprehensive, analytic orientation to information processing in which perceivers access and scrutinize a great deal of information for its relevance to their judgment task, instead of heuristics processing or shortcuts in their decision making (Tamborini et al. 2007).The Supreme Court attempted to make juries more racially diverse Batson prohibition against race-based peremptories was based on two assumptions (1) a prospective jurors race can bias a jury pick judgments (2) requiring attorneys to justify suspicious peremptories enables judges to determine whether a challenge is, indeed, race-neutral (Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (1986).To summarize the findings, White jurors tend to show their bias towards African-American defendants when the trial is not racially charged because they are not motivated to conceal their bias (aversive racism and egalitarian views). In homogenous juries Whites are more like to be bias, spend less time on their decisions, make more errors, consider fewer perspectives, are not motivated to conceal their bias. Also, when there is information overload jurors use heuristics (shortcuts) to process information, rather than a systematic review of the information.Tis effect, of using shortcuts, produces bias judgment for both African-American juror s and White jurors. All the aforementioned could be cause for the bias decision making of jurors and juries. However, there are positives that can be found throughout these studies. For instance, racially diverse juries, and race salience trials can help alleviate the biases by jurors and juries. It also proves that not all White juries are affected by the race of a defendant (in certain situations).Race and its effect on jury decisions is a topic that will be studied for years to come because of the complex nature of a jury and modern racism. Although studies have shown bias decision-making by White jurors there is still not enough statistics to make a causal connection. Research has also shown ways in which a jurys bias can be denigrated. The jury is one of the backbones of the court system, because of this, it is imperative that we continue to study juror bias and how to minimize their bias through different trial techniques and policies and procedures.

The Vandals

Answers to question on prose legendalization should address relevantly the central concern(s)/theme(s) of the text and be supported by reference to appropriate techniques of prose fiction such as Characterisation, ringting, key incident(s), narrative technique, symbolism, structure, climax, plot, atmosphere, dialogue, resource. Choose a novel or short recital with a central character you consider to be heroic, Show how the heroic qualities are revealed and discuss how this passage of the character enhances your lowstanding of the text as a whole.ANSWER Many complaints recently have revolved nearly the strong targeting the weak. In Alan headys short story The Vandals we hear the story of Gordon milling machine. A retired Civil Servant whom is a quiet gentle man. He could have been considered heroic when he stood up to a ground of youths The Vandals of the story. brave uses numerous techniques such as setting, imagery and foreshadowing to highlight Gordon milling machines tr ansition from hero to villain. The Vandals by Alan Bold is set in a half-size fictional Scottish town called Marshend.Gordon Miller moves into a small cottage here looking for peace and quiet. This is soon disrupted by a local assort of youths who call him names and vandalise his property. After hand overing to confront these youths to reason with them he soon realises that he is trying to reason with people who know no limits, he soon takes things into his own hands. In the source of the story Bold refers to the papist invasion of Marshend and to the Roman everyday Agricola. However the Romans failed to all in all conquer Marshend.From the beginning of the story Bold juxtaposes Miller against the Romans. Bold does this by giving the imagery of Miller being the Inhabitants of Marshend and the vandals being the Roman army. First Miller tries to reason with the vandals, however after multiple reoccurring attacks on his house Miller declares what would be classed as war on the va ndals. Through numerous applications of joint superior Bold manages to foreshadow the fact that Gordon Miller may not be as calm and fair to middling person as he seems to be. Gordon Miller decided he would keep calmThis is after the starting time attack on his home. By having to decide to stay calm this shows that it is almost like he is forcing himself to do so and this is doubting that he isnt as calm a person as he seems. In the village the others formed an assent on Gordon Millers mental stability from this it was reflected back to him to make an opinion on himself. This tells the reader that apart from what we have read Gordon Miller may act very otherwise as well. Bold seems to keep Gordon Miller personality close to his chest revealing besides what he has too.It triggers a reaction in the readers mind wondering as to why the other villagers have been commenting on his mental stability. It also would make Miller question his actions, if he has been acting a certain ag ency and villagers were starting to question and talk about his actions then it would possibly make him take notice and try to change the way he acts around others. Nearing the end of the story Bold uses a lot of imagery linked in with Gordon Miller and the theme of the Romans.When the vandals come back for the last time Bold describes Miller as standing at the summit of the hill, on the top terrace. This is similar to the idea of the Roman General waiting and observing his territory. Gordon Miller is standing and observing the youths and his home before he launches his attack on the youths. This is the turning point in the story where Bold twists Gordon Miller from being symbolic of the villagers in Marshend under attack to being the Roman General who is waiting to start his attack.This shows Gordon Miller becoming heroic as he is standing up to the vandals who have been tormenting him. This gives us the understanding that certain people can only take so much stress and disruption in their lives before they come to the end of their star and retaliate. The last sentence in the story is an image of Miller sitting playing with a set of Roman Soldiers. This shows that Gordon Miller is a lot more complex than Bold let us believe. He likes order and stability in his life, he does not like change and disruptions.As he is playing with the Roman Soldier set this represents the order that he likes in his life. In conclusion revealing Gordon Millers personality behind throughout the short story Bold uses a number of techniques such as pathos, setting, imagery and word choice. Through these we feel empathy towards Gordon Miller and understand why he proceeded taking the heroic actions that he did. This helps the reader not to dislike Miller for his actions but feel happy for him that he finally got justice on the vandals.Word Count 755

Morality in Copying CD’s Essay

Morality is an issue that will forever encompass debates from thousands of sectors around the world. There ar no definite set of rules of what is moral and what is non as such, it will infinitely be concentrated to define. judging someones morality is going to be difficult given this lack of definitive body structure of the subject itself. This paper will be discussing piracy (which is what feigning cds whitethorn draw out to) in the context of morality. As difficult as the task whitethorn sound, this paper shall try to be as objective as it can be given the infinite boundary of the context. piracyPiracy has been the thorn on the side of the music industry since the early 1990s. Piracy is non even hard to do, given that one must simply stick a CD to a computer wherefore transfer its entire contents to another and from there, numerous other copies can be made. The cycle does not and will not stop because most people prefer things for free. College students who must be the most condescend computer users will not be averse to copying CDs and distributing it to others. They sure enjoy their music and they usually are under strict bud pee due to their educational financial needs.The music industry is not the only field that piracy has wrecked. Almost anything that is being distributed on a CD or uploaded online has been threaten by piracy. Software is well pirated, the newest Microsoft wares are easily found on bootleg shops, finding its authority easily in the third world black market. Aside from software, there are videogames and movies that can easily be copied and sold for much less than the producer originally retailed it, all penally, of course. With piracy, the artists, software developers, producers, actors, programmers suffer as they are not paid the royalties they deserve for working hard on their respective projects but the consumers win, as they get the media they want/need for free or at a considerably lower price.The useful ApproachAcco rding to Velasquez, et al. (1989), utilitarianism is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected. The utilitarian approach can sure as shooting be used by those who copy the CDs and distribute it to a wider span of users. When a person purchases a CD and uploads its entire content online on a file sharing site, his think is that, such upload can share the music to a wider variety of people. These people can get it for free thanks to that one person who uploaded it for sharing out of the goodness of his heart.When a person buys a CD, he has paid for rights to use the content of that music. No matter how he abuses the content of that CD by repeated usage is something he is entitled to do. However, copying the entire contents of the CD and giving the copy to another person is another story as herein, he has breached some legal boundaries of his usage. M orality may be a subject that is infinite but legality has very strict confines and stepping beyond its boundaries is punishable by a hefty sum, long hours of community service or jail time.The utilitarian reasoning is not a defense against illegal acts and as such, one cannot escape punishment by reiterating that he committed piracy for the benefit of the world, out of the goodness of his heart. In addition, the utilitarian approach does not consider the minority who will be affected by such act. For instance, the loss of income to those people who hold up labored to bring the media out on the market is not something utilitarianism will consider.Deontological moralityAccording to the encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.), in deontological ethics an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. Given this definition, copying CDs onto another computer, given todays anti-piracy campaign, is not going t o be considered moral even though the intentions maybe good and the act may be easy to do. Music, movie, software, videogame industries hire lost billions of dollars because of piracy, they are trying to fight it as best they can and as such, there are piracy warnings/threats on almost every media distributed. Doing it anyway will certainly question ones morality over it.To circumvent this, one does not usually copy CDs. He goes to websites where he can share files. However, in the UK, such file sharing can now be considered illegal (Solanki 2010). Such is the campaign against piracy that in the US, every digital media sold in the market is protected by DRM, a software that limits the number of devices the content can be played in to typically, 5 machines (Grossman 2007). Exceeding this limit can raise questions on ones morality via Deontological Ethics.Conclusion write the contents of a CD is piracy. Piracy nowadays is a criminal offense that is punishable by law. One can hardly find anything moral over something that is illegal. Even though piracy may be the most tolerated crime in the world, it will be best for the person to stay on the conservative side and not commit it, for his personal welfare.ReferencesEncyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.) Deontological ethics. Retrieved 19 July 2010 fromhttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158162/deontological-ethicsGrossman, L. (2007). The Battle everyplace Music Piracy. Time. Retrieved 19 July 2010 fromhttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1625209,00.htmlSolanki, M. (2010). File sharing becomes illegal as political sympathies pushes through DigitalEconomy Bill. SeekBroadband. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http//seekbroadband.com/focus/2010/04/09/internet-technology-news/file-sharing-becomes-illegal-as-government-pushes-through-digital-economy-bill/Velasquez, M. et al. (1989). Calculating Consequences The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics.Issues in Ethics V2 N1. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http//www.scu.edu/et hics/practicing/decision/calculating.html

Existence of youth culture Essay

There is debate within the scientific company about whether or not youth culture exists. Some researchers argue that youths value and morals are not distinct from those of their parents, which means that youth culture is not a disperse culture. Others note that we must be cautious about extrapolating a current effect to other periods of history. notwithstanding because we see the presence of what seems to be a youth culture today does not mean that this phenomenon extends to solely generations of young people. Additionally, peer influence varies greatly between contexts and by sex, age, and social status, making a wholeness youth culture difficult, if not impossible, to define.Others argue that there are definite elements of youth society that make out culture, and that these elements differ from those of their parents culture. Janssen et al. have used the terror management theory (TMT) to argue for the existence of youth culture.5 TMT is a psychological concept that hypothesiz es that culture originates from an attempt to cope with the knowledge of their fatality rate. Society does this by adopting a worldview and underdeveloped self-esteem. Researchers test TMT by exposing people to reminders of their mortality.TMT is supported if being reminded of death causes people to cling more strongly to their worldview. Janssen et al. tested the following hypothesis If youth culture serves to help adolescents deal with problems of vulnerability and finiteness, then reminders of mortality should lead to increased allegiance to cultural practices and beliefs of the youth. Their results supported their hypothesis and the results of previous studies, suggesting that youth culture is, in fact, a culture.Schwartz and Merten used the language of adolescents to argue for the presence of youth culture as distinct from the lay of society. Schwartz argued that high school students used their vocabulary to create meanings that are distinct to adolescents. Specifically, th e adolescent status linguistic process (the words that adolescents use to describe hierarchical social statuses) contains qualities and attributes that are not present in boastfulstatus judgments. According to Schwartz, this reflects a conflict in social structures and the way that adults and teens experience social reality. This difference indicates cultural differences between adolescents and adults, which supports the presence of a separate youth culture.

Balance sheet Essay

According to the depreciation rates used by the company and described in the Production Cost Report, if a company adds 50 new workstations at a cost of $250,000 each and also spends $5 million for an addition to its assembly plant to maintain the new workstations.According to the cost allocation methods used in the companys accounting constitution and described in the Help section for the Operations Report for any of the four geographic regions, if a company spends $5 million to advertise its camera lines in North America, assembles and ships 300,000 entry-level cameras and 200,000 multi-featured cameras to its North American dealers, derives revenues of $80 million from its sales of entry-level cameras and$120 million from the sales of its multi-featured cameras in North America, then50% of the $5 million in denote expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 50% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras.70% of the $5 milli on in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 30% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras.the per camera advertising costs for both entry-level and multi-featured cameras will be $10.00.40% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 60% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras.the per camera advertising costs for entry-level cameras will be 50% big than the per camera advertising costs for multi-featured cameras.

Environmental Problems in El Salvador

With a total let down mass of just 8,124 squ be miles, El Salvador is the sm all toldest body politic in Central America. Like m most(prenominal) of its neighboring countries, it possesses very few natural elections. Since the nations economy is based predominantly on agriculture, its no surprise that its citizens often experience resource roller coasters. In addition, its long history of inappropriate land tenure and ownership practices date all the way back to colonialism. Even more(prenominal) strikingly, sixty percent of El Salvadors macrocosm is expect to live in the capital by 2010. As a result, El Salvador has to deal with continuing environmental problems. The fact that the nation lies along the Pacific Ring of fire doesnt help either, which subjects the country to browse earthquakes and volcanic activity. The environmental problems that El Salvador continually struggles with are disforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, pollution and overlook of bio-diversity. El Salvador is the second most deforested country in Latin American after Haiti. In fact, nearly eighty five percent of its forest has disappeared since the 1960s.Today, less than 6,000 hectares are this instant considered to be primary forest. Deforestation in El Salvador occurs as a result of timber exploitation for fuel. The nations high population relies heavily on the collection of fuel wood and subsistence hunting and agriculture. Since the end of the 1990s, the countrys deforestation rate has increased by eighteen percent. The environmental, social and economic effects of deforestation have been cypher short of devastating. To date, more than fifty percent of El Salvador isnt still suitable for food civilization.In addition, such(prenominal) of the country suffers from severe soil erosion. The massive deforestation that the nation has experienced has dislodged the top soil and has charge changed the climate according to environmental experts. What used to be a heavil y wooded region is now more like a desert. Deforestation is so severe in El Salvador that it has forced spate into the capital city of San Salvador, where overcrowding has caused problems such as smog. At least 11,000 Salvadoran children die every form because of respiratory ailments believed related to air pollution, according to whizz study. Although the El Salvadoran giving medication has attempted to react to the problem of deforestation, they have non been particularly successful. They have created deforestation laws, alleviate due to lack of coin and management, the laws often go unenforced. In addition, soil erosion and infertility are quite prevalent in El Salvador. These problems stem mostly from execrable agricultural practices. Farmers typically use a slash and abbreviate farming method, which consists of cutting and burning down forests in order to use the areas for agriculture. This method destroys all kit and caboodle and leaves the surrounding soil vulner able to extreme erosion.Unfortunately, since it is becoming more and more difficult to find land that is suitable for cultivation, farmers have no choice but to do this. Farming is their livelihood and quite candidly they will do anything to survive. Whats even more disheartening is the fact that the land that is suitable for cultivation has already been bought to use for construction of maquilas. In some cases, soil erosion has even buried communities in landslides and floods have submerged large areas of flat land. The soil is as well unable to retain humidity create drought conditions in the dry season.Most agricultural soil has even been acidified due to the irrational use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and other forms of pollution. Luckily, the governing has responded to this problem and is encouraging farmers to take advantage of improved agricultural technologies. These technologies include position deep rooted grasses and trees on hillsides to control soil erosio n. However, farmers should not expect untold financial care to take advantage of these new technologies because the El Salvadoran government simply does not have much to give.Thirdly, water pollution is another environmental problem that plague El Salvador. Despite receiving six feet of pelting each family, most of the nations water is highly contaminated. In fact, thousands are killed each year due to water contamination, many of whom are children. At the same time, most of the citizens of the nation cannot afford bottled water. by and by the twelve year civil war destroyed much of the countrys infrastructure, poor areas became even poorer. Homes and water sources had been destroyed by militia during the war. After returning home, some citizens chose to hand dig come up in order to obtain drinking water.However, many others went to their nearest stream, river or pond to collect water. These severe and contaminated water sources caused many people to become ill with intestinal diseases. According to Ricardo Navarro, El Salvadors government has failed to protect its most precious resource Farmers have cut down forests that used to memory rain water. Ranchers have allowed their livestock to pollute rivers. Communities have put latrines too close to shallow wells. Others, such as Marisol Prima Ponza, who runs a government dispensary that tracks the health of 375 children in several communities, believe that things are improving. there have been fewer cases of diarrhea, she says. For example, from January to August of this year I have only recorded 17 cases. Ponza also added that these improvements are due to several projects that have been implemented to improve water conditions. El Salvadors government can not claim that they have played a large role in any improvements though. In fact, sixty three percent of water improvement programs were financed by dint of international loans and grants, twenty one percent through self-financing by ANDA and only s ixteen percent with actual government resources.Many citizens and international groups analogous have been putting pressure on the government to improve water conditions as well. In fact, defect 22 is declared as World Water Day when thousands of people protest in the streets of San Salvador. They typically protest the four main components of the countrys water crisis high cost of water, unjust scattering of water, contaminated water and environmental destruction. Despite some improvements, poor water sanitation continues to remain one of the main environmental problems of El Salvador. Another environmental problem that El Salvador essential deal with on a daily basis is contamination.The nations soil is constantly being contaminated from the judicature of toxic wastes. Each day, El Salvador produces over two thousand metric tons of garbage. Over half of the garbage that is produced is disposed of il effectively in open air dumps. In actuality, only two legal garbage dumps exi st for the entire country to share. The whole country, especially the Greater San Salvador area contaminates a great deal of its garbage by mixing organic with inorganic garbage, biodegradable or reclaimable materials with non-biodegradable or toxic waste. By doing this, many recycling opportunities are completely lost and the cost of convalescent the recyclable materials would simply not be worth it. Unfortunately, the nations restrictions on any salmagundi of waste disposal are quite lax and they do not provide people with the resources for prudish disposal anyway. In addition, nearly half of the nations garbage is toxic waste which is noxious to human and environmental health. Factories and hospitals alike simply dump their garbage into nearby rivers and lakes which contaminates the water.Unfortunately, the response from the municipal government in San Salvador barely makes a dent in the problem. Nonetheless, if its model extended throughout the nation and do its way into the platforms of public officials as well as environmental organizations, then positive change would credibly occur. For a country whose environment is badly deteriorating, this is a life or death situation and must be properly addressed. Garbage collectors themselves can be seen handling garbage with their bare hands on any given day, which subjects them to many types of infections.According to the garbage collectors themselves, there isnt a very good communication flow between them and the environmental sanitation office. Many of the people that work at the mayors office are not even aware of a pilot project to separate garbage. In addition, the equipment that would be needed for the project would not even be affordable due to San Salvadors poor economic conditions. Unfortunately, the mayors good intentions are simply not helpful without the proper bread and butter and effort. Lastly, another environmental issue that affects El Salvador is the loss of bio-diversity.Its not that the nation naturally lacks bio-diversity, but rather the result of many years of environmental abuse. In particular, the nations wildlife and native plant life are suffering due to soil degradation, poor water quality and subsistence hunting. Despite these problems, more than 508 species of birds, 121 mammals, 130 reptiles and amphibians, and over 2000 plant species were recorded in the nation in 1998. Even though these metrical composition have probably decreased since then due to the governments lack of emphasis on natural resources training, they are still not devastating by any means.In fact, El Salvador encompasses over cardinal percent over the worlds total biodiversity. However, these plants and animal species are not going to save themselves. If the nations other environmental issues are not addressed then the distinction of some of these plants and animals is inevitable. The environmental problems in El Salvador are an important issue to the state because they all lead to ot hers problems.For example, contamination has led to water pollution which has led to illness and peoples livelihoods depend on whether they are healthy enough to work. As mentioned several of times, the state has definitely not done enough to ddress the environmental problems in which they are suffering from. Even when they do address the problems and create plans to fix them, they usually lack the money to slobber the plans through. Any money that they do have to fix the problem is typically obtained through international grant and loan programs, like the United Nations. Some improvements have been made in El Salvador, such as the integration of legal garbage dumps, but since only two exist, the improvements have not been immense. The environmental problems have weakened the economy and in turn, the weakened economy is what is preventing the problems from being fixed.Its not that the elected officials of El Salvador do not have goals and visions for their state, but its that they cant carry them through economically. Perhaps educating the citizens of El Salvador about how to care for the environment and farm correctly is one of the set-back steps. International groups also need to continue to put pressure on the state through protests, such as they did on World Water Day and their funding needs to continue. By improving their environmental problems, El Salvador has the ability to prosper more than anyone has ever even imagined.